Social Distancing in Public Transport: Mobilising New Technologies for Demand Management under the COVID-19 Crisis

Hörcher, Dániel; Singh, Ramandeep; Graham, Daniel J.

doi:10.2139/ssrn.3713518

Cited by 13 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…Trends in urban public transit are of concern because of the increased risk of transmission due to the large number of touch surfaces on which the virus can survive for several days, and also the close proximity of people in a confined, closed environment ( Musselwhite et al, 2020 , Vitrano, 2021 ). A longer-term concern about transit systems is the financial impact of reduced ridership on systems that are already challenged fiscally ( Hörcher et al, 2020 ). Overwhelmingly, this group of studies find that public transit ridership decreased during the pandemic ( Aloi et al, 2020 , de Haas et al, 2020 , Jenelius and Cebecauer, 2020 ) with understandable variations across study regions and type of system in question.…”

Section: Covid-19 Impacts On the Transportation Industrymentioning

confidence: 99%

The impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on transportation employment: A comparative analysis

Mack

Agrawal

Wang

2021

Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives

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The COVID-19 pandemic caused a variety of social, economic, and environmental changes. This paper examines the employment-related impacts of the pandemic on workers in the transportation industry compared to other industries, and within different transportation sectors. We estimated random effects logistic regression models to test the following three hypotheses using the monthly Current Population Survey micro-data. One, the transportation industry experienced a greater incidence of unemployment than other industries. Two, there is heterogeneity in employment impacts within the transportation sector. Three, specific sectors within the transportation industry experienced more employment impacts than other essential industries, as designated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Phase 1a vaccination guidelines. Model results highlight that workers in the transportation sector were 20.6% more likely to be unemployed because of the pandemic than workers in non-transportation industries. Model results also indicate large intra-sector heterogeneities in employment impacts within the transportation sector. Taxi and limousine drivers were 28 times more likely to be unemployed compared to essential workers. Scenic and sightseeing transportation workers were 23.8 times more likely to be unemployed compared to essential workers. On the other end of the spectrum, however, postal workers and pipeline workers were 84% and 67% less likely to be unemployed compared to essential workers, respectively. From a policy perspective, these results suggest that attention to several aspects of transportation work are needed in the coming years to prepare for future interruptions to the transportation industry.

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Section: Covid-19 Impacts On the Transportation Industrymentioning

confidence: 99%

The impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on transportation employment: A comparative analysis

Mack

Agrawal

Wang

2021

Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives

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“…Although studies of the spread of COVID-19 in public transport vary widely in their assumptions, virus dynamics, demand or operational characteristics, many show that the virus is transmissible in public transport to some degree (Hörcher, Singh, & Graham, 2020). By reducing the contact and exposure of customers within public or shared transport it is hoped that the spread of the virus can be curtailed.…”

Section: Measures That Avoid Use Of Shared or Public Transportmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tirachini & Cats (2020) suggest various options such as on-demand services; reserved slot booking; travel permits for specific groups; pricing management or peak spreading. Hörcher et al (2020) also summarise five management methods: (i) inflow control with queueing, (ii) time and space-dependent pricing, (iii) capacity reservation with advance booking, (iv) slot auctioning and (v) tradeable travel permit schemes. Due to individual limitations, these are likely to be more successful if several are implemented simultaneously.…”

Section: 332mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since measures are often introduced in combination (Parady et al, 2020), or in rapid succession (IMF, 2020), the contribution of individual measures is often not easy to determine. For example, for public transport, the combination of closing activities or workplaces, restrictions on public transport itself and the perceived risk of travellers even when restrictions are lifted or voluntary reductions have impacted ridership (Hörcher et al, 2020;IMF, 2020). While literature on economic impacts shows diverse effects without a clear pattern as yet, for social impacts, a large portion of the literature we found concerned impacts on physical health (including viral spread), psychological or mental health and impacts on travel behaviour or mobility patterns.…”

Section: Impacts Of Combined Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

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COVID-19 passenger transport measures and their impacts

2021

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Governments all over the world have had to implement various policy measures in order to curb the spread of COVID-19, impacting many people's lives and livelihoods. Combinations of measures targeting the transportation sector and other aspects of social life have been implemented with varying degrees of success in different countries. This paper proposes a classification of COVID-19 measures aimed at passenger mobility. We distinguish the categories "avoidance of travel", "modal shift" and "improvement of quality". Per category, we distinguish different types of measures and effects (social, economic and environmental). Next, we review the literature on COVID-19 measures for passenger mobility, after which we discuss the policy relevance of our findings and propose a research agenda. We conclude that broad or integral assessments of measures on all socially relevant effects are rare. Also, few studies exist to determine the effects of individual measures and deal with combinations of measures instead. Studies on social or economic effects focus on partial direct effects (e.g. turnover of the transport sector, effect of mobility measures on commuter traffic) and do not elaborate on indirect effects (e.g. changes in household expenditure, stress levels). Finally, there is a greater focus in the literature on intermediary health indicators (e.g. travel behaviour) but less on the actual spread of COVID-19 or indeed on other indirect health effects of measures (e.g. due to air pollution, more exercise, etc).

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“…We take responsibility for any remaining shortcomings. 40 See recent empirical evidence on the impact of COVID-19 on public transport demand and operations in the early assessment of Tirachini and Cats (2020), the disaggregate demand data of metro operators by the Transport Strategy Centre (2020), and a review of public transport specific epidemiological findings by Hörcher et al (2020c). D. Hörcher and A. Tirachini…”

Section: Acknowledgementmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Public Transport Economics

Hörcher

Tirachini

2020

SSRN Journal

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Public transport provision requires substantial organisational efforts, careful planning, financial contributions from the public, and coordination between millions of passengers and staff members in large systems. Efficient resource allocation is critical in its daily operations. Therefore, public transport has been among the most popular subjects in transport economics since the infancy of this discipline. This paper presents an overview of the literature developed over the past half century, including more than 300 important contributions. With a strong methodological orientation, it collects, classifies, and compares the frequently used analytical modelling techniques, thus providing a cookbook for future research and learning efforts. We discuss key findings on optimal capacity provision, pricing, cost recovery and subsidies, externalities, private operations, public service regulation, and cross-cutting subjects, such as interlinks with urban economics, political economy, and emerging mobility technologies.

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Social Distancing in Public Transport: Mobilising New Technologies for Demand Management under the COVID-19 Crisis

Cited by 13 publications

References 74 publications

The impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on transportation employment: A comparative analysis

The impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on transportation employment: A comparative analysis

COVID-19 passenger transport measures and their impacts

A Review of Public Transport Economics

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