“…Consistent with the domain-specific instructional perspective, in-service PD programs, both in Western and Chinese contexts, often have a domain-specific focus, aiming to promote children's development in particular areas by deepening their teachers' subject and pedagogical content knowledge (e.g., Algozzine et al, 2011;Luo et al, 2021;Piasta et al, 2012;Snyder et al, 2018;Tirosh et al, 2011). For example, literacy-specific PD addresses instructional strategies concerning letter knowledge, reading, and writing (Algozzine et al, 2011;Piasta et al, 2012), while science-, technology-, engineering-, arts-, and mathematics-specific training centers around content knowledge in science, technology, engineering, and maths (Brenneman et al, 2019;Lindmeier et al, 2020;Tirosh et al, 2011).…”