‘Social exclusion’ and ‘underclass’ - new concepts for the analysis of poverty

Solidarity in Europe: a comparative account of citizens’ attitudes and practices

“…These strands of research focus on the political dimensions of solidarity. Scholarly writing seems to support some of the research assumptions presented before, by showing how political behaviour is patterned by social inequalities and forms of social exclusion (Brady et al, 1995;Kronauer, 1998). Moreover, studies agree on the fact that solidarity is also highly patterned by political preferences and orientation, e.g., along the left-right scale (Likki and Staerklé, 2014).…”

“…Second, we test whether solidarity is patterned by the differential access of citizens to valued resources and skills, such as income and education, by the respondents' social status and affiliation to social class (Verba et al, 1978;Cainzos and Voces, 2010), and by different levels of social exclusion and deprivation (Kronauer, 1998). Following the lines of previous research, we thus hypothesise that European solidarity activities will be more diffused among respondents with higher resources such as those from professional classes and those with higher levels of educational attainment (H4).…”

Unemployment and Social Exclusion

“…The term 'social exclusion' has its origins in France in the 1970s and referred to persons who were unprotected by social insurance and at risk of permanent detachment from society. A widespread adoption of the term in Europe started in the 1980s, when unemployment rates were high and threatened national modes of social integration (Kronauer, 1998). More recently, the European Union declared 2010 as the European Year for Combating Poverty and Social Exclusion.…”

Social inclusion challenges of refugees: a case study

“…Therefore, this article does not differentiate between refugee and alternative status, and the term "refugees" will be applied to both categories. In turn, Kronauer believes that "there is a far-reaching agreement on the central dimensions in which social exclusion manifests itself, regardless of the variations in conceptualization and realization of the studies: exclusion from the labour market, economic exclusion, cultural exclusion, exclusion by social isolation, spatial exclusion, institutional exclusion" (Kronauer, 1998 Social inclusion is the opposite process, which aims to provide the necessary resources, services and opportunities to ensure individuals' full participation in different spheres of society.…”