Social facilitation effects in recognition memory

Hartwick, Jon; Nagao, Dennis H.

doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1990.tb00900.x

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 19 publications

(56 reference statements)

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“…If Derryberry and Tucker's suggestion is accurate, however, it means that this typical finding also provides support for the cue utilization view of SFI effects! Consistent with this, Hartwick and Nagao (1990) noted that there is little empirical support for the prediction that social presence enhances performance on noncompetitional paired-associate lists. Although Baron et al (1978) found a significant facilitation effect, Berkey and Hoppe (1972), Cottrell et al (1967), Criddle (1971), Guerin (1983), and Kawamura-Reynolds (1977) all failed to support the prediction.…”

Section: An Alternative Attentional Account Of Sfi Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social presence effects in the Stroop task: Further evidence for an attentional view of social facilitation.

Huguet¹,

Galvaing²,

Monteil³

et al. 1999

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

209

216

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In contrast with R. B. Zajonc's (1965) classic view about social facilitation-inhibition (SFI) effects, it was found that the presence of relatively unpredictable audiences and forced social comparison with a slightly superior coactor both facilitated performance in the Stroop task while inhibiting automatic verbal processing. Not only do these findings reveal that social presence can help inhibit the emission of dominant responses, providing further support for an attentional view of SFI effects, but they also demonstrate the power of social situations over what has been thought to be invariant automatic processing. As such, they are inconsistent with the view reiterated in more than 500 articles on Stroop interference over the past 60 years and suggest that more attention should be paid to the situations in which cognition takes place.The situations in which human beings perceive, manipulate, and interpret information have traditionally been neglected by cognitive psychologists and cognitive scientists in general. According to Levine, Resnick, and Higgins (1993), the recognition of the importance of domain-specific knowledge led cognitive psychologists to take a first step toward a possible inclusion of social factors as part of cognition. This first step, however, did not specifically involve social factors but "did highlight how particular, how situated or contextualized, cognition always is" (Levine et al., 1993, p. 586). As Levine et al. noted, it is in fact necessary to attend not only to knowledge elements but also to the conditions of their use, that is, the situations in which cognition takes place.In this article our purpose is to show that even relatively simple social situations can have dramatic effects on some basic cognitive responses that have been well established in psychology. Specifically, we argue that the presence of other people can help dominate processes that are viewed as uncontrollable in the Stroop task, suggesting that more can be learned about cognition when studying it in its social context. Interest in the way social presence affects cognition has a long history in social psychology. Under the . Electronic mail may be sent to huguet@cicsun.univ-bpclermont.fr. label social facilitation (Zajonc, 1965), it has been found that audiences and coactors affect individual performance, sometimes facilitating it and sometimes impeding it (see Bond & Titus, 1983;Geen, 1989Geen, , 1991Guerin, 1993, for reviews). In this area, however, it is generally assumed that automatic or dominant response tendencies are facilitated by the presence of others. In contrast with this, our findings in the context of the Stroop task reveal that social facilitation can sometimes result from an inhibition of such tendencies, providing further support for a neglected, attentional view of social facilitation-inhibition (SFI) effects. SFI EffectsAccording to Bond and Titus's (1983) meta-analysis of 241 studies, social presence (a) increases the speed of well-learned, simple task performance but decreases the speed ...

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Section: An Alternative Attentional Account Of Sfi Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social presence effects in the Stroop task: Further evidence for an attentional view of social facilitation.

Huguet¹,

Galvaing²,

Monteil³

et al. 1999

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

209

216

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…A common arousal mechanism may explain both the accentuation-attenuation and social facilitation-inhibition phenomena (Zajonc, 1980). Research already indicates that arousal influences the way individuals process information (Geen, 1973(Geen, , 1989Hartwick & Nagao, 1990;Wilder & Shapiro, 1989), so arousal might also influence information processing in groups.…”

Section: Accentuation-attenuation Of Cognitive Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The emerging conceptualization of groups as information processors.

Hinsz

Tindale²,

Vollrath³

1997

Psychological Bulletin

1,186

1,136

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A selective review of research highlights the emerging view of groups as information processors. In this review, the authors include research on processing objectives, attention, encoding, storage, retrieval, processing, response, feedback, and learning in small interacting task groups. The groups as information processors perspective underscores several characteristic dimensions of variability in group performance of cognitive tasks, namely, commonality-uniqueness of information, convergence-diversity of ideas, accentuation-attenuation of cognitive processes, and belongingnessdistinctiveness of members. A combination of contributions framework provides an additional conceptualization of information processing in groups. The authors also address implications, caveats, and questions for future research and theory regarding groups as information processors.In this information age, groups increasingly perform cognitive tasks (Galegher, Krant, & Egido, 1990;Salas, Dickinson, Converse, & Tannenbaum, 1992;Walsh & Ungson, 1991;Weick & Roberts, 1993 ). The nature of small-group research has changed correspondingly (see Bettenhausen, 199 l;Guzzo & Shea, 1992;Levine & Moreland, 1990; and Moreland, Hogg, & Halns, 1994, for reviews) to emphasize intellectual and cognitive tasks (e.g., Hinsz, 1990;Sniezek & Henry, 1989;Stasser, Taylor, & Hanna, 1989;Tindale, 1989;and Vollrath, Sheppard, Hinsz, & Davis, 1989). This change resembles a paradigm shift (Ktthn, 1970), albeit not as dramatic, perhaps because no one paradigm dominates small-group performance research (McGrath, 1993). The emerging view of groups as information processors extends methodological and theoretical developments in cognitive psychology to research in small-group performance. In this article, we selectively review relevant research to highlight how taskperforming groups process information. Rather than advocate that small-group research ought to examine groups as information processors, we document how research has already moved in that direction. To integrate our review, we identify several important dimensions of information processing in groups and

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“…Individuals were seated with one or two other participants in order to control for social facilitation effects (cf. Hartwick & Nagao, 1990). Group members were instructed to work together unless instructed otherwise, and individuals were instructed to work alone.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strong shared representations promote schema-consistent memory errors in groups

Betts

Hinsz

2013

Group Processes & Intergroup Relations

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In a briefing that followed the raid on Osama bin Laden's compound in 2011, counterterrorism official (now CIA director) John Brennan reported, "there was a female who was, in fact, in the line of fire that reportedly was used as a shield to shield bin Laden from the incoming fire" (Cohen, 2011). This report was corroborated by other officials who claimed that bin Laden "certainly did use women as shields" (Cohen, 2011). Later reports from White House Press Secretary Jay Carney retracted these statements, indicating that they were inaccurate and resulted from the "fog of combat" (Cohen, 2011). The true cause of this change in narrative is unclear, but

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Social facilitation effects in recognition memory

Cited by 9 publications

References 19 publications

Social presence effects in the Stroop task: Further evidence for an attentional view of social facilitation.

Social presence effects in the Stroop task: Further evidence for an attentional view of social facilitation.

The emerging conceptualization of groups as information processors.

Strong shared representations promote schema-consistent memory errors in groups

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