Social facilitation of laughter in children

Chapman, Antony J.

doi:10.1016/0022-1031(73)90035-8

Cited by 82 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…This is an interesting finding, which, at first sight, seems to be incompatible with expectations based on the age theory [19] that younger children are more expressive than older ones, though it is consistent with the outcome of the work by [20] that girls are more expressive in showing their emotions than boys. This result is also in line with another study where it was shown that females were more expressive in the presence of a friend than in the presence of stranger [4].…”

Section: Conclusion and Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 52%

Alone or Together: Exploring the Effect of Physical Co-presence on the Emotional Expressions of Game Playing Children Across Cultures

Shahid

Krahmer

Swerts

2008

Lecture Notes in Computer Science

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Alone or togetherShahid, S.; Krahmer, E.J.; Swerts, M.G.J. Published in: Fun and Games Document version:Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record General rightsCopyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights.-Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research -You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain -You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright, please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Abstract. In this paper, we investigate the influence of physical co-presence on the emotional expressions of game playing children. We show that the emotional response of children belonging to different age groups and different cultural backgrounds varies when they play a game alone or together with their friends. A simple but quite effective number guessing game was developed to use as a tool for inducing emotions in an ethical way, which was played by Pakistani and Dutch individuals and pairs. The audiovisual emotional data thus collected was used in two perception tests in which Dutch viewers observed and classified the emotional response of Pakistani and Dutch children. Results show that the correct classification in both cultures is higher for children playing games in pairs, thus children in pairs are more expressive than individuals. Furthermore, both Pakistani individuals and pairs are more expressive than Dutch ones.

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Section: Conclusion and Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 52%

Alone or Together: Exploring the Effect of Physical Co-presence on the Emotional Expressions of Game Playing Children Across Cultures

Shahid

Krahmer

Swerts

2008

Lecture Notes in Computer Science

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“…Other research shows that people adjust the display of affect behaviors in relation to social situational factors, such as the perceived social status, group size, familiarity, and relationship history of audience members (e.g., Chapman, 1973;Fridlund, 1991;Kraut and Johnston, 1979). Several studies, for example, have shown that people increase the display of externalizing behaviors (e.g., aggression) and overall capacity cues (e.g., expressed confidence) in larger group settings, and instead increase the expression of internalizing behaviors (e.g., sadness and worrying) and overall trustworthiness cues (e.g., expressed compassion) in more intimate (e.g., dyadic) social settings (Benenson et al, 2002;LaFrance, Hecht, and Paluck, 2003;Leaper and Smith, 2004;Vingerhoets, Cornelius, Van Heck, and Becht, 2000).…”

Section: The Socio-relational Framework Of Expressive Behaviorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex Differences in Affect Behaviors, Desired Social Responses, and Accuracy at Understanding the Social Desires of Other People

Vigil

2008

Evol Psychol

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I recently proposed a socio-relational framework that suggests that phenotypic variation in the expression of discrete affect behaviors (e.g., expressed anger vs. sadness) may reflect two basic dimensions of behavioral response. The first dimension is the motivation to selectively attract or avoid interactions with different people. The second dimension is the behavioral display of either personal capacity or trustworthiness cues, often through the expression of dominant and submissive behaviors, respectively (Vigil, in press). Sex differences in affect behaviors (e.g., externalizing vs. internalizing displays) may reflect developmental sensitivities to advertise capacity and trustworthiness cues somewhat differently, due to the unique social dynamics and relational constraints under which males and females evolved. In this study, I use a series of self-report questionnaires to examine two basic assumptions of the framework. The first assumption is that sex differences in nonverbal affect behaviors (aggression vs. crying) reflect the desire for, and are effective for causing other people to either avoid or comfort the individual, respectively. I hypothesized that males would report a greater likelihood of responding to various distress moods with aggressive, rather than crying behaviors, and that males would desire, and believe male peers similarly desire distancing responses from others when feeling these moods. Instead, females were hypothesized to report more crying behaviors, and to desire, and believe female peers desire more comforting responses from others. The second assumption is that people are more accurate at inferring the desired social responses (i.e., to be left alone or comforted when experiencing distress) of same-sex, rather than oppositesex peers. I hypothesized that people's beliefs of same-sex peers are more similar to the self-reported desires of the male and female participants, themselves, than their beliefs of opposite-sex peers. The results are consistent with the first assumption, but show that only men were more accurate at inferring same-sex, rather than opposite-sex desires. In general, the findings are consistent with the socio-relational framework that suggests that humans may have evolved specialized expressive behaviors and interpersonal styles for communicating and interacting with same-sex affiliates.

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“…Unfortunately, the degree to which the sociality of a particular situation may impact on gender differences in expressivity has not yet been directly studied. Interestingly, in the few studies in which researchers have manipulated social context and included both male and female participants, the sociality of the situation did not differentially affect the expressive behavior of either adult men and women (Fridlund, 1990;Fridlund, Kenworthy, & Jaffey, 1992) or younger boys and girls (Chapman, 1973;Yarczower & Daruns, 1982). Nonetheless, as a first step toward understanding whether men and women differ in the expressive, experiential, and physiological components of emotion, we chose to use a minimally social situation to study responses more closely linked to one emotional stimulus rather than to multiple stimuli.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex differences in emotion: Expression, experience, and physiology.

Kring¹,

Gordon²

1998

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

969

681

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Although previous studies of emotional responding have found that women are more emotionally expressive than men, it remains unclear whether men and women differ in other domains of emotional response. We assessed the expressive, experiential, and physiological emotional responses of men and women in 2 studies. In Study 1, undergraduates viewed emotional films. Compared with men, women were more expressive, did not differ in reports of experienced emotion, and demonstrated different patterns of skin conductance responding. In Study 2, undergraduate men and women viewed emotional films and completed self-report scales of expressivity, gender role characteristics, and family expressiveness. Results replicated those from Study 1, and gender role characteristics and family expressiveness moderated the relationship between sex and expressivity.Conventional wisdom suggests that women are more "emotional" than men. Does this mean that women express their emotions more than men? Or, do women experience more or stronger emotion than men? Do women have stronger physiological responses than men in emotional situations? A fairly substantial body of research has demonstrated that women are more emotionally expressive than men; however, it remains somewhat unclear whether women also experience more emotion than men and whether they show greater physiological changes associated with emotion. The present study addressed two questions. First, we examined the expressive, experiential, and physiological domains of emotion in men and women to determine whether women are indeed "more emotional" or whether they are just more emotionally expressive. Second, we examined family expressivity and personality characteristics typically associated with masculinity and femininity to determine whether these characteristics could help account for expressive differences between men and women.We conceptualize emotion as having multiple components, including a behavioral or expressive component, an experiential or verbal component, and a physiological component, which is consistent with a number of emotion theorists and researchers

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Social facilitation of laughter in children

Cited by 82 publications

References 19 publications

Alone or Together: Exploring the Effect of Physical Co-presence on the Emotional Expressions of Game Playing Children Across Cultures

Alone or Together: Exploring the Effect of Physical Co-presence on the Emotional Expressions of Game Playing Children Across Cultures

Sex Differences in Affect Behaviors, Desired Social Responses, and Accuracy at Understanding the Social Desires of Other People

Sex differences in emotion: Expression, experience, and physiology.

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