“…Nor do we assert that the most ideologically sophisticated individuals ought to share the same understandings of these terms. While the textbook definitions are generally consistent with the conventional understanding of ideology in American politics (e.g., Conover and Feldman, 1981;Ellis and Stimson, 2012), political psychology (e.g., Luttbeg and Gant, 1985;Jost et al, 2003;Alford et al, 2005;Jost et al, 2009;Kinder and Kalmoe, 2017;Kalmoe, 2020;Jost, 2021;van der Linden et al, 2021;Elder and O'Brian, 2022), and other major textbooks in American politics (e.g., Ginsberg et al, 2019;Harrison et al, 2019), some may define "liberal" and "conservative" in other ways. Some scholars, for example, have identified a social dimension in which conservatives prefer government intervention more than liberals do (e.g., Layman and Carsey, 2002;Lee, 2009).…”