Social inequalities and the wellbeing of family caregivers across European care regimes

Abstract

Objective: In Europes' ageing societies, informal care is increasingly critical for fulfilling the care needs of older people. Social inequalities in informal care are, however, still poorly understood, and the (differential) wellbeing consequences of caregiving remain unclear. Background: To this end, we provide an overview of empirical results, methodological challenges, and open questions originating from our research project IN-CARE (2019-22) that set out to assess inequalities in care and wellbeing in different care regimes. In this article, we focus on social gradients in informal care and its impact on wellbeing across European care contexts from the perspective of caregivers. Method: Based on the data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) and the English Longitudinal Study (ELSA) we applied different regression techniques and estimated fixed-effects models. Results: We find a socio-economic gradient in informal care and wellbeing. Yet, we do not find socio-economic differences in the effects of caregiving on caregivers’ wellbeing across European countries with different LTC policies. Also, we observe strong gender differences in the association of caregiving with caregivers’ wellbeing within the population of 50+, which depend on different care arrangements and care regimes. Conclusion: We conclude that gender is still the central inequality dimension in informal caregiving, linked to many other inequality dimensions, and strongly dependent on different care contexts. Thus, when designing social policies, multiple cross-level interactions and path dependencies should be considered.

Family-provided long-term care and its coverage in European pension systems

“…Among them are the lack of professionals in long-term care services and facilities (and the various reasons for that), the ongoing debate of what good care is and how this relates to being cared for at home -perhaps within the family -or in a care institution, and the effects of professional or familial care supply at the various societal levels, from micro to macro. While for childcare a relatively clear idea has been developed and widely accepted of the different phases and providers of care that impacts on all societal levels, this is not the case for care of the frail (Brandt et al 2023 in this special issue). In concrete terms, in some countries childcare social policy frameworks have been developed that combine some labour market interruption -enabled by benefits and employment rights -with social services and social security, but for long-term care the social policy frameworks are much less established.…”