“…For example, in research on processing motives, participants have typically been given a task such as solving mathematical problems with plausible or implausible alternative answers (see Holzhausen & McGlynn, 2001), or rating weak or strong messages in terms of argument quality (see Chen et al, 1996), in an effort to enhance the salience of specific motives for different participants. Similarly, research on normative influences has focused on the individual, where information is either given or withheld about another participant's opinions about an issue, thereby enhancing or reducing the salience of normative influences (Allison et al, 1990;Chen et al, 1996;Holzhausen & McGlynn, 2001;Markovsky & Thye, 2001). In such experiments, motives and influences are experimentally manipulated rather than observed and measured in naturalist settings.…”