Recently, growing epidemiological evidence suggests the importance of psychosocial factors in a wide variety of diseases such as depression, cardiovascular diseases and cancer.1-3) Social isolation, divorce and bereavement are reported to be associated with an increased risk of cancer recurrence, the probability of metastasis and mortality rates for cancer, as well as decreased efficacy of cancer therapy. [4][5][6][7] In contrast, reducing the impact of psychosocial stress through social support, including the presence of a social network or psychosocial intervention, has also been shown to be related to an increase in the survival time and a decrease in the rate of metastasis. 8,9) Experimental investigations into the effects of psychosocial factors on tumor progression in animals may provide useful information of basic values for clinical situations. Social isolation (individual housing) is a model of lack of social interactions among animals, which is relatively comparable with the situation of humans who feel isolated. In rodents, social isolation results in marked behavioral disturbances such as increased aggressiveness, enhanced locomotor activity and reduced pentobarbital-induced sleeping time, 10,11) and physiological disturbances, including high levels of plasma corticosterone, catecholamine and high activity of corticotropin releasing factor (CRF). [12][13][14] Because of its inherent social nature, social isolation is viewed as a natural and convenient model of psychosocial stress, and would be helpful for investigating the modulatory role of psychosocial stress in tumor development. Social isolation stress has been reported to accelerate the development and growth of either transplanted or chemically induced tumors, and to attenuate the response of tumors to chemotherapy. [15][16][17] However, there are also some conflicting reports on the association between tumor development and psychosocial stress in both human and animal studies, because of the variations in stress chronicity, timing of stress and types of tumors tested, etc.18,19) Nevertheless, the strong evidence indicates that the tumor progression can be affected by psychosocial factors relating to grouping and isolation, although the underlying mechanism is still unknown. Despite the advances in diagnostic techniques and therapeutic modalities for malignant tumors including colon cancer, the mortality rate of cancer is still high. 20) Many cancer patients develop recurrent and metastatic cancer even if curative surgery is undergone. Metastasis is a major cause of mortality in cancer. However, to our knowledge, the specific effects of psychosocial stress on tumor recurrence and metastasis have only been marginally studied, in spite of the crucial clinical relevance of these phenomena.We recently found that social isolation stress significantly suppressed the basal cellular immune responses and exacerbated experimental liver metastasis of colon 26-L5 carcinoma cells in male BALB/c mice.21) The immune surveillance functions of effector cells su...