“…While more expansive than Habermas' original notion of the public sphere by considering "multisector online public spheres" (Dahlgren 2005, 153) in the digital realm, citizens now may contribute to the public sphere via (online) news media sites representing marginalized, underserved, and underrepresented perspectives aiming to address and resolve community issues both individually and collectively (McLeod et al 1996;Putnam 2000;Nah andYamamoto 2017, 2018). While this perspective includes participation in various civic and participatory activities (e.g., attending protests and/or signing petitions for candidates), citizen journalism, when defined as civic participation, may refer to emailing newsroom editors, sharing content and expressing opinions on social issues (Kahne, Lee, and Feezell 2012;Yamamoto, Nah, and Bae 2019) including visuals (Chung, Nah, and Yamamoto 2018), or collaborating with professional journalists to produce news stories together (Nah and Chung 2016), which, in turn, may lead to other types of civic participation . Following this conceptual definition of citizen journalism (Friedland and Kim 2009), we consider those who engage with news through various interactive features as citizen journalists-news audiences who engage in the news.…”