Social Mobility and Human Capital in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

Behrman, Jere R.

doi:10.1093/oso/9780192896858.003.0013

Cited by 5 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Numerous covariates were carefully selected to adjust potential confounding effects on the association between parental migration and the early childhood development of left-behind children in Bangladesh. The selection of these covariates was based on prior research findings [4,6,[8][9][10]14]. The covariates taken into account consist of the child's age, sex, birth order, and health status; household socioeconomic status (SES); maternal education and employment status; as well as the presence of other adult caregivers in the household.…”

Section: Covariatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of parental migration on early childhood development of left-behind children in Bangladesh: Evidence from a nationally representative survey

Khanam,

Khan

2023

PLoS ONE

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Background In Bangladesh, as in other low- and middle-income countries, parents frequently migrate to other areas, often for employment opportunities, leaving their children behind with the hope that their earnings will contribute to securing a better future for them. However, the absence of parents due to migration can have negative implications for the well-being of these left-behind children. Despite the existence of studies investigating this phenomenon, the evidence thus far has produced inconclusive findings, with no specific data available from Bangladesh. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the effects of parental migration on the early childhood development of left-behind children in Bangladesh. Methods The present study utilized data from the Bangladesh Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) conducted in 2019. A sample of 8,833 children aged 3–4 years was included in the analysis. The Early Childhood Development Index (ECDI) and its individual domains served as the outcome variables of interest. The primary explanatory variables considered in the analysis were father migration, mother migration, migration of both parents, and migration of either parent. To assess the association between the outcomes and explanatory variables, multilevel logistic regression analysis was employed, controlling for relevant covariates. Results Approximately 29% of all children in the study were not developmentally on track, as measured by the ECDI. When examining the individual domains of the ECDI, only 9% of the total children demonstrated developmental progress in the learning domain. Regarding the association between parental migration and ECDI outcomes, we observed a 26% decrease in the likelihood of overall ECDI among children with a migrated father (OR: 0.74, 95% CI: 0.54–0.93). This decrease became even more pronounced, reaching 37% (OR: 0.63, 95% CI: 0.48–0.97), among children with both parents migrated, compared to children with neither parent migrated. Conclusion The findings of this study indicate that parental migration, especially when both parents are involved, has a substantial negative impact on the likelihood of achieving favourable ECDI outcomes for children in Bangladesh. To ensure the optimal development of children with migrating parents, it is crucial to strengthen early childhood development education programs and implement robust social safety nets. These efforts should specifically target the unique needs and challenges faced by children with migrated parents, providing them with the necessary support and resources for their holistic development.

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Section: Covariatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Early childhood development (ECD) is a critical period of growth and learning that sets the foundation for future success and well-being [ 6 , 7 ]. The acquisition of key skills such as language, motor, cognitive, and socio-emotional abilities during early childhood is crucial for children to reach their full potential [ 7 , 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of parental migration on early childhood development of left-behind children in Bangladesh: Evidence from a nationally representative survey

Khanam,

Khan

2023

PLoS ONE

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“…⁷ More precisely, most of the data sets include measures of inputs to education, such as schooling. For a discussion on the distinction between schooling and education, see the chapter by Behrman (2021) in this volume.…”

Section: Measuring Economic Status With Limited Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Social Mobility in Developing Countries

2021

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Social mobility is the hope of economic development and the mantra of a good society. There are disagreements about what constitutes social mobility, but there is broad agreement that people should have roughly equal chances of success regardless of their economic status at birth. Concerns about rising inequality have engendered a renewed interest in social mobility—especially in the developing world. However, efforts to construct the databases and meet the standards required for conventional analyses of social mobility are at a preliminary stage and need to be complemented by innovative, conceptual, and methodological advances. If forms of mobility have slowed in the West, then we might be entering an age of rigid stratification with defined boundaries between the always-haves and the never-haves—which does not augur well for social stability. Social mobility research is ongoing, with substantive findings in different disciplines—typically with researchers in isolation from each other. A key contribution of this book is the pulling together of the emerging streams of knowledge. Generating policy-relevant knowledge is a principal concern. Three basic questions frame the study of diverse aspects of social mobility in the book. How to assess the extent of social mobility in a given development context when the datasets by conventional measurement techniques are unavailable? How to identify drivers and inhibitors of social mobility in particular developing country contexts? How to acquire the knowledge required to design interventions to raise social mobility, either by increasing upward mobility or by lowering downward mobility?

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“…Early childhood development (ECD) is a critical period of growth and learning that sets the foundation for future success and well-being (5,6). The acquisition of key skills such as language, motor, cognitive, and socio-emotional abilities during early childhood is crucial for children to reach their full potential (6,7).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Parental Migration on Early Childhood Development of Left-Behind Children in Bangladesh: Evidence from a Nationally Representative Survey

Khanam

Khan

2023

Preprint

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Background: In Bangladesh, as in other low- and middle-income countries, parents frequently migrate to other areas, often for employment opportunities, leaving their children behind with the hope that their earnings will contribute to securing a better future for them. However, the absence of parents due to migration can have negative implications for the well-being of these left-behind children. Despite the existence of studies investigating this phenomenon, the evidence thus far has produced inconclusive findings, with no specific data available from Bangladesh. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the effects of parental migration on the early childhood development of left-behind children in Bangladesh. Methods: The present study utilized data from the Bangladesh Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) conducted in 2019. A sample of 8833 children aged 36-48 months was included in the analysis. The Early Childhood Development Index (ECDI) and its individual domains served as the outcome variables of interest. The primary explanatory variables considered in the analysis were father migration, mother migration, migration of both parents, and migration of either parent. To assess the association between the outcomes and explanatory variables, multilevel logistic regression analysis was employed, controlling for relevant covariates. This analytical approach accounted for the hierarchical structure of the data and allowed for adjustments at multiple levels to obtain more accurate estimates. Results: Approximately 29% of all children in the study were not developmentally on track, as measured by the ECDI. When examining the individual domains of the ECDI, only 9% of the total children demonstrated developmental progress in the learning domain. Regarding the association between parental migration and ECDI outcomes, we observed a 26% decrease in the likelihood of poor ECDI among children with a migrated father (OR: 0.74, 95% CI: 0.54-0.93). This decrease became even more pronounced, reaching 37% (OR: 0.63, 95% CI: 0.48-0.97), among children with both parents migrated, compared to children with neither parent migrated. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that parental migration, especially when both parents are involved, has a substantial negative impact on the likelihood of achieving favourable ECDI outcomes for children in Bangladesh. To ensure the optimal development of children with migrating parents, it is crucial to strengthen early childhood development education programs and implement robust social safety nets. These efforts should specifically target the unique needs and challenges faced by children with migrated parents, providing them with the necessary support and resources for their holistic development.

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Social Mobility and Human Capital in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

Cited by 5 publications

References 17 publications

Effects of parental migration on early childhood development of left-behind children in Bangladesh: Evidence from a nationally representative survey

Effects of parental migration on early childhood development of left-behind children in Bangladesh: Evidence from a nationally representative survey

Social Mobility in Developing Countries

Effects of Parental Migration on Early Childhood Development of Left-Behind Children in Bangladesh: Evidence from a Nationally Representative Survey

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