“… Sources: For the US, Britain, and Japan, authors' elaboration on data kindly provided by Nicholas, ‘Independent invention during the rise of the corporate economy’, fig. 3, p. 1003; for Spain, on Sáiz, ‘Social networks’, tab. 1, p. 357; and for Italy, on MAIC, Bollettino delle privative industriali del Regno d'Italia , 1864–85, 1886–93; idem, Elenco degli attestati di privativa industrial ; idem, Bollettino della proprietà intellettuale .…”
Section: IIImentioning
confidence: 99%
“…We are grateful to Gabriel Galvez‐Behar for providing us with these data. The relatively low quality of patents of independent inventors and the limited role played by ‘markets for technologies’ are also pointed out by Sáiz, ‘Social networks’, for Spain. Interestingly enough, according to Nicholas and Shimizu, ‘Intermediary functions’, markets for technologies and related institutions in fact functioned relatively well in the case of Japan, another latecomer country.…”
mentioning
confidence: 92%
“…Nicholas, ‘Role of independent invention’; idem, ‘Independent invention during the rise of the corporate economy’. Other papers have recently examined the role played by independent inventors using patents: for Spain in the period 1820–1939, see Sáiz, ‘Social networks’; and for Norway in the second half of the nineteenth century, see Basberg, ‘Amateur or professional?’.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Streb et al., ‘Technological and geographical knowledge spillover’; Sáiz, ‘Social networks’. On the basis of a detailed empirical study of a large sample of US patents granted in the 1990s, Bessen, ‘Value’, pp.…”
Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. ABSTRACT: In this paper we examine the phenomenon of independent invention in Italy during the liberal age .We make use of a new dataset comprising all patents granted in Italy in five benchmark years: 1864-65, 1881, 1891, 1902 and 1911. We carry out the following exercises. First we examine the relative shares of independent, corporate and foreign inventions and their evolution over time and across industries. Second, by exploiting the peculiarities of Italian patent legislation which established a maximum patent length of fifteen years and a flexible renewal scheme which allowed inventors to maintain a patent "alive" for almost any specific duration, we assess the relative quality of independent and corporate patents. Our results indicate that in Italy independent inventors provided an important contribution to technological change but the quality of their patents was significantly lower than that of firms and of foreign patentees.
Terms of use:
Documents inJEL codes: N73, O31We would like to thank Sara Pecchioli for outstanding research assistance and Michele Mannucci for granting us access to their historical library of Ufficio Tecnico Ing. A. Mannucci s.r.l (Firenze). Giovanni Federico and Tom Nicholas have generously shared data with us. We are also grateful to
“… Sources: For the US, Britain, and Japan, authors' elaboration on data kindly provided by Nicholas, ‘Independent invention during the rise of the corporate economy’, fig. 3, p. 1003; for Spain, on Sáiz, ‘Social networks’, tab. 1, p. 357; and for Italy, on MAIC, Bollettino delle privative industriali del Regno d'Italia , 1864–85, 1886–93; idem, Elenco degli attestati di privativa industrial ; idem, Bollettino della proprietà intellettuale .…”
Section: IIImentioning
confidence: 99%
“…We are grateful to Gabriel Galvez‐Behar for providing us with these data. The relatively low quality of patents of independent inventors and the limited role played by ‘markets for technologies’ are also pointed out by Sáiz, ‘Social networks’, for Spain. Interestingly enough, according to Nicholas and Shimizu, ‘Intermediary functions’, markets for technologies and related institutions in fact functioned relatively well in the case of Japan, another latecomer country.…”
mentioning
confidence: 92%
“…Nicholas, ‘Role of independent invention’; idem, ‘Independent invention during the rise of the corporate economy’. Other papers have recently examined the role played by independent inventors using patents: for Spain in the period 1820–1939, see Sáiz, ‘Social networks’; and for Norway in the second half of the nineteenth century, see Basberg, ‘Amateur or professional?’.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Streb et al., ‘Technological and geographical knowledge spillover’; Sáiz, ‘Social networks’. On the basis of a detailed empirical study of a large sample of US patents granted in the 1990s, Bessen, ‘Value’, pp.…”
Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. ABSTRACT: In this paper we examine the phenomenon of independent invention in Italy during the liberal age .We make use of a new dataset comprising all patents granted in Italy in five benchmark years: 1864-65, 1881, 1891, 1902 and 1911. We carry out the following exercises. First we examine the relative shares of independent, corporate and foreign inventions and their evolution over time and across industries. Second, by exploiting the peculiarities of Italian patent legislation which established a maximum patent length of fifteen years and a flexible renewal scheme which allowed inventors to maintain a patent "alive" for almost any specific duration, we assess the relative quality of independent and corporate patents. Our results indicate that in Italy independent inventors provided an important contribution to technological change but the quality of their patents was significantly lower than that of firms and of foreign patentees.
Terms of use:
Documents inJEL codes: N73, O31We would like to thank Sara Pecchioli for outstanding research assistance and Michele Mannucci for granting us access to their historical library of Ufficio Tecnico Ing. A. Mannucci s.r.l (Firenze). Giovanni Federico and Tom Nicholas have generously shared data with us. We are also grateful to
This article analyses the spread of innovation in mid-nineteenth-century Germany using foreign patents as an indicator for technology transfer. It introduces a new dataset of over 1,400 patents granted in the Grand Duchy of Baden between 1843 and 1877. The data show that Baden's technology import via foreign patents from German and non-German inventors was important. This technology transfer was broadly based, although technologies related to the textile and machine-building industries are prominent in the data. The decision to file a patent in Baden was driven by competition and the risk of imitation. Using a gravity model with city-level data, we find evidence that technology transfer through patents reflected existing trade links. The strong correlation between technologies filed by foreigners and domestic inventors provides further evidence that the risk of imitation fostered patent-based technology transfer during the mid-nineteenth century. Furthermore, we show that foreigners filed patents predominantly in industries that accounted for a high share of the workforce in Baden.
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