Social norms towards smoking and vaping and associations with product use among youth in England, Canada, and the US

East, Katherine; Hitchman, Sara C.; McNeill, Ann; Thrasher, James F.; Hammond, David

doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107635

Cited by 36 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…With the invention of electronic cigarettes, the promotion of vaping products may be harmful to nonsmoking young people by inducing them to start vaping earlier. Since vaping is perceived as healthier than smoking, the perceived peer approval of vaping was significantly higher than smoking among teenagers (East et al, 2019). Creating this "positive" norm is harmful for young people who may be nudged to start to vape early.…”

Section: Intrinsic Motivationmentioning

confidence: 98%

A meta-analytic cognitive framework of nudge and sludge

Luo¹,

Soman²,

Zhao³

2021

Preprint

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Public and private institutions worldwide have gained considerable traction in developing interventions to alter people’s behaviors in predictable ways without limiting the freedom of choice or significantly changing the incentive structure (Thaler & Sunstein, 2008). A nudge is defined as an intervention to facilitate actions by minimizing friction and removing impediments, while a sludge is defined as an intervention that inhibits actions by increasing friction. While the terms nudge and sludge have garnered significant attention in behavioral economics, psychology, and public policy, the underlying cognitive mechanisms behind these interventions and their impact on behavior change remain largely unknown. We develop a novel cognitive framework by classifying these interventions along six cognitive processes: attention, perception, memory, effort, intrinsic motivation, and extrinsic motivation. In addition, we conduct a meta-analysis of field experiments (i.e., randomized controlled trials) (n=179 papers, k=222 observations, N=4,440,011 participants) from 2008 to 2020 to examine the effect size of these interventions targeting each cognitive process. Our findings demonstrate that effort-reducing interventions (e.g., convenience) are more effective than intrinsic motivation interventions (e.g., commitment-making) to change behaviors. Interventions that reduce or increase friction had similar effect sizes, although there were considerably fewer sludge studies (k=44) conducted to date than nudge ones (k=178). This new meta-analytic framework provides cognitive principles for organizing nudge and sludge with corresponding behavioral impacts. The insights gained from this framework help inform the design and development of future interventions based on cognitive insights.

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Section: Intrinsic Motivationmentioning

confidence: 98%

A meta-analytic cognitive framework of nudge and sludge

Luo¹,

Soman²,

Zhao³

2021

Preprint

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“…Beyond underlying population character istics, sociocultural norms related to smoking are strongly associated with smoking behaviour, 27,28 and population level tobacco control policies are critical reflections as well as drivers of these norms. 29,30 Quebec has been actively engaged in tobacco control for several decades and has implemented smoking bans similar to those in the other prov inces.…”

Section: Tobacco Control Legislationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Initiation or cessation: what keeps the prevalence of smoking higher in Quebec than in the rest of Canada?

Pelekanakis

O’Loughlin

Gagné

et al. 2021

Health Promot Chronic Dis Prev Can

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Introduction We compared smoking initiation and cessation in Quebec versus the rest of Canada as possible underpinnings of the continued higher cigarette smoking prevalence in Quebec. Methods Data were drawn from the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS). We compared average and sex-stratified prevalence estimates of (1) current cigarette smoking in persons aged 15 years and older; (2) past-year initiation of cigarette smoking in those aged 12 to 17 and 18 to 24 years; and (3) past-year cessation in adults aged 25 years and older in Quebec versus the other nine Canadian provinces in each two-year CCHS cycle from 2007/08 to 2017/18. Results The prevalence of current smoking decreased from 25% to 18% among adults aged 15 years and older in Quebec from 2007/08 to 2017/18, and from 22% to 16% in the rest of Canada. Initiation among those aged 12 to 17 years decreased from 9% to 5% in Quebec, and from 7% to 3% in the rest of Canada. Neither initiation among people aged 18 to 24 (at 6% and 7%, respectively) nor cessation among adults aged 25 and older (approximately 8%) changed over time in Quebec or in the rest of Canada. In each two-year CCHS cycle, past-year initiation among those 12 to 17 years of age was consistently higher in Quebec than in the rest of Canada, but there were no substantial or sustained differences in initiation among people aged 18 to 24 or in past-year cessation. Findings were similar when stratified by sex. Conclusion Higher levels of smoking initiation among youth aged 12 to 17 years could be a proximal underpinning of the continuing higher prevalence of smoking in Quebec versus the rest of Canada.

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“…Volumes of research have examined the role of norms in harmful behavior and health interventions (Chung & Rimal, 2016), particularly in the areas of smoking and drinking (e.g., Mollen et al, 2010). Social norms have served as important predictors of smoking and smoking cessation (East et al, 2019;Mao et al, 2015). Interventions based on normative influences have been found to be effective for inducing behavioral changes, such as reduced drinking and drug use (Perkins, 2004).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The State of Norm-Based Antismoking Research: Conceptual Frameworks, Research Designs, and Implications for Interventions

Sheer

2021

Health Communication

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This synthesis review examined 189 qualified studies on norms and smoking in terms of conceptual frameworks, types of social norms, research designs, dependent variables, independent variables and covariates, and findings related to norms. Results show that 7.9% were experimental, and the remaining were cross-sectional. By far, the reasoned action approach (RAA) was the most-cited theory, but RAA was not used to guide experimental designs. The social norms approach, norm focus theory, social cognitive theory guided the intervention experiments. Harmful norms were more frequently examined than healthful norms. Pro-smoking norms positively predicted smoking intentions and behaviors, whereas antismoking norms positively predicted antismoking intentions and behaviors. The over-application of RAA in cross-sectional antismoking research has yielded repetitive findings. Norm-based experiments can adopt other theoretical perspectives to offer insights into antismoking interventions. The RAA constructs are still applicable and can be integrated into intervention designs.Social norms refer to implied or informal rules that guide individuals' behavior in groups and societies (Geertz, 1973). Volumes of research have examined the role of norms in harmful behavior and health interventions (Chung & Rimal, 2016), particularly in the areas of smoking and drinking (e.g., Mollen et al., 2010). Social norms have served as important predictors of smoking and smoking cessation (East et al., 2019;Mao et al., 2015). Interventions based on normative influences have been found to be effective for inducing behavioral changes, such as reduced drinking and drug use (Perkins, 2004). Although norm-related constructs (e.g., injunctive/ descriptive norms and peer pressure) are frequently applied in antismoking research, the selection of and methods for operationalizing these constructs have seldom been reported in the literature (Dolcini et al., 2013). Systematic reviews have yet to address the extent to which and how norm-related theories have been used to design antismoking research. To inform researchers and practitioners of the state of norm-based antismoking research, the current review systematically selected qualified studies, and synthesized and evaluated theoretical/conceptual frameworks of norms, types of social norms, research designs, dependent variables, and independent variables and covariates. Implications for antismoking interventions are discussed. Theories of normsAn initial search of norms examined in antismoking research yielded six oft-cited theories. These theories are overviewed, and norm constructs and intervention implications, when applicable, are explained. Reasoned action approachReasoned action approach (RAA) refers to the same conceptual framework in three versions: theory of reasoned action (TRA) (Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975), theory of planned behavior (TPB) (Ajzen, 1985), and the integrative reasoned action model (Fishbein & Ajzen, 2010). The main thesis states that an individual's behavior is predicted by behavioral ...

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Social norms towards smoking and vaping and associations with product use among youth in England, Canada, and the US

Cited by 36 publications

References 29 publications

A meta-analytic cognitive framework of nudge and sludge

A meta-analytic cognitive framework of nudge and sludge

Initiation or cessation: what keeps the prevalence of smoking higher in Quebec than in the rest of Canada?

The State of Norm-Based Antismoking Research: Conceptual Frameworks, Research Designs, and Implications for Interventions

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