Social Origins of Depression: A Study of Psychiatric Disorder in Women

Childhood adversity and depressive symptoms among middle-aged and older Chinese: results from China health and retirement longitudinal study

“…overt discrimination, gender inequality, and political and economic exclusion) (Berens, Jensen, & Nelson, 2017). Exposure to such adverse events or environment in childhood could be particularly harmful as early childhood is an exceptionally salient period for further development of psychological wellbeing (McDaniel, 1980). A number of studies from Western societies have demonstrated that specific subtypes of and severity of CA exert detrimental effects on mental health among middle-aged and older adults (Kraaij and de Wilde, 2001;Niina, Routasalo, Tilvis, Strandberg, & Pitk€ al€ a, 2006;Springer, Sheridan, Kuo, & Carnes, 2007).…”