Social Protection Programs for Africa's Drylands: Social Protection Programs

The role of an emergency basic income: Lessons from the Latin American experience to confront the COVID‐19 pandemic

“…Securing an emergency basic income that protects at least the living conditions of families with children during emergencies must be a priority of social protection systems in the region. There is also evidence of the effectiveness of rapid interventions in the framework of existing social protection programmes to prevent humanitarian emergencies, reduce impacts and costs (Hallegatte et al, 2017; Del Ninno, Coll‐Black and Fallavier, 2016), and boost local economies and consumption (in the case of cash transfers) (Development Pathways, 2021; ECLAC, 2021b). Hence, designing an emergency basic income embedded in the larger social protection system, to be activated in the case of disasters and crises, could be cost effective and contribute to preventing irrecuperable well‐being losses.…”

Feasibility and Effectiveness Assessment of Multi-Sectoral Climate Change Adaptation for Food Security and Nutrition

“…The necessary shifts into healthy diets differ regionally and by country [60], and the impacts of dietary transitions should be considered in climate change mitigation policy [131]. A trade-off of the planetary diet is that it exceeded the income of more [8,9,11,58-66] Access to maternal/reproductive and child health care, access to nutrition services (including to direct nutrition interventions), integration of WASH in nutrition programs, access to water and sanitation [2,[32][33][34][35][36][67][68][69][70][71] Adaptive integrated social protection, nutrition-sensitive social protection, shock-responsive social protection, safety nets, school feeding programs [13,35,[72][73][74][75][76][77][78] Anticipatory Early warning-Early Action systems (EW-EA) to prevent acute food insecurity/malnutrition and mortality. Adoption of Integrated Acute Food Security Phase Classification (IPC) to prevent acute food insecurity/malnutrition, famines, and mortality [79][80][81][82][83][84] Nutrition-sensitive risk reduction, risk management, risk sharing, risk transfer, insurance [ [42]).…”

Climate Resilience and Social Assistance in Fragile and Conflict-Affected Settings

“…Ulrichs and Slater (2016: 5) Some global policies and programmes highlight the need for a multidimensional approach to targeting in order to respond to both socioeconomic and environmental risks and vulnerabilities: the FAO's (2017) Social Protection Framework, for instance, combines income poverty, food security, and climate-related risks. A World Bank report on social protection in African drylands finds vulnerability to generally be defined by a combination of geographical location, livelihood, and income, focusing on households below the poverty line (varying according to severity of drought) with agriculture-dependent livelihoods (crop farmers, pastoralists, and agro-pastoralists) in dryland areas (del Ninno et al 2016). Other studies describe social protection programmes as targeting beneficiaries -whether understood as households, communities, or localitiesbased on both socioeconomic vulnerability to poverty and vulnerability to climate-related risks such as floods (Gros et al 2019;Karim and Noy 2020).…”

“…from rice to cotton cultivation), mono-cropping, and in turn increased dependencies on high-cost inputs and vulnerabilities to price fluctuations, as well increased exploitation of water resources and biodiversity loss (Panda 2013; Jha et al 2017;Asfaw and Davis 2018;Godfrey-Wood and Flower 2018;Dyngeland et al 2020;Yiridomoh et al 2021). Some authors note that public works programmes might have maladaptive effects, in that public works projects may be linked to large-scale infrastructure development, intensified/expanded agricultural production (including commercial crops), and in some cases re-greening initiatives such as reforestation/tree planting, which in some cases could lead to negative ecological impacts; for instance, increased water use through expansion and intensification of irrigation and cultivated land area (Panda 2013;del Ninno et al 2016;Steinbach et al 2016;Jha et al 2017;Asfaw and Davis 2018;Godfrey-Wood and Flower 2018;Kaur et al 2019;Bowen et al 2020;Dyngeland et al 2020;Fischer 2020;Norton et al 2020;Yiridomoh et al 2021).…”

“…At the same time, other research finds that cash transfers have rarely been used directly to fund migration(Deshingkar et al 2015) or are associated with decreased climate-related migration (Chort and de la Rupelle 2017;Mueller et al 2020). Finally, a number of studies provide evidence of the inclusion of climate-proofed infrastructures in public works programmes; for example, as part of water conservation and management, flood control, and sanitation schemes(Siegel, Gatsinzi and Kettlewell 2011;Kuriakose et al 2013;Ovadiya et al 2013;Lind et al 2014;del Ninno et al 2016;Steinbach et al 2016;Godfrey-Wood and Flower 2018;Kaur et al 2019;Fischer 2020;Norton et al 2020). It is worth noting, however, that these types of public works infrastructure could also have maladaptive effects.…”