Social, Psychological, and Physiological Reactions to Stress

McEwen, Bruce S.; McEwen, Craig A.

doi:10.1002/9781118900772.etrds0311

Cited by 12 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…ACE have a disproportionately powerful effect on life long trajectories of health and disease, 68 and poverty contributes in its own way as well as creating circumstances for ACE, 114 which, however, occurs across all levels of socioeconomic status (SES). 77 In studies of ACE, 77 there are reports of increased inflammatory tone, not only in children but also in young adults related to early life abuse, that includes chronic harsh language, as well as physical and sexual abuse 115,116 (see Figure 1).…”

Section: When Things Go Wrong Over the Life Coursementioning

confidence: 99%

Neurobiological and Systemic Effects of Chronic Stress

2017

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The brain is the central organ of stress and adaptation to stress because it perceives and determines what is threatening, as well as the behavioral and physiological responses to the stressor, which promote adaptation (“allostasis”) but also contribute to pathophysiology (“allostatic load/overload”) when overused and dysregulated. The adult as well as developing brain possesses a remarkable ability to show structural and functional plasticity in response to stressful and other experiences, including neuronal replacement, dendritic remodeling and synapse turnover. Stress can cause an imbalance of neural circuitry subserving cognition, decision making, anxiety and mood that can increase or decrease expression of those behaviors and behavioral states. This imbalance, in turn, affects systemic physiology via neuroendocrine, autonomic, immune and metabolic mediators. In the short term, these changes may be adaptive; but, if the threat passes and the behavioral state persists along with the changes in neural circuitry, such maladaptation requires intervention with a combination of pharmacological and behavioral therapies. There are important sex differences in how the brain responds to stressors. Moreover, adverse early life experience, interacting with alleles of certain genes, produces lasting effects on brain and body via epigenetic mechanisms. While prevention is key, the plasticity of the brain gives hope for therapies that utilize brain–body interactions. Policies of government and the private sector are important to promote health and increase “healthspan.”

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Section: When Things Go Wrong Over the Life Coursementioning

confidence: 99%

Neurobiological and Systemic Effects of Chronic Stress

2017

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“…42 But then beyond that, growing up in poverty and in polluted, ugly environments, the lack of social support, loneliness, many factors that all influence how our brains and bodies function and the trajectory that they take. 43,44 All of this is the new view that is now altering how we think about interventions. It is not just about using drugs; we know that drugs can only have certain effects, and they often cause side effects.…”

Section: Dr Mcewenmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

How the Social Becomes the Biological: The Interaction between the Genome and the Environment

Einstein

Legato

Barros

et al. 2017

Gender and the Genome

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The discussion is meant to address the interaction between the genome and the environment and is essentially a discussion of the role of epigenetics in modifying the phenotype. We think it is one of the most important issues in molecular biology, and resolves the artificial division between what is biological sex and what the role of the environment is in producing the final phenotype. So, with that introduction, I would like to introduce the moderator of this discussion, Gillian Einstein, the Wilfred and Joyce Posluns Chair in Women's Brain Health and Aging. Gillian, I am going to also introduce and describe the areas of interest of Robert-Paul Juster, Bruce McEwen, and Dr. Barros. Dr. Juster's research program focuses on chronic stress among diverse social groups. Over the last decade, he has developed expertise in measuring chronic stress, known as the allostatic load, which describes the physiological dysregulations related to chronic stress and unhealthy behaviors. Dr. Bruce McEwen is the Alfred Mirsky Professor and the Head of the Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology at the Rockefeller University. He has studied extensively the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie the effects of stress and sex hormones on the adult and developing brain. His particular contribution for the purposes of this roundtable is his creation of a new understanding of how the brain changes in adult life and during development, with particular emphasis on understanding the impact of stress on the brain and sex differences in human brain function. Dr. Barros is an expert on the link between inflammation and cancer insights into the role of epigenetics in cell differentiation.

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“…Accumulating evidence from both prospective and retrospective clinical studies has demonstrated a significant relation between early adverse experiences, noted as early-life stress (ELS) or toxic stress, and later risk for cognitive, emotional and physical health problems (Shonkoff and Levitt, 2010 ; Shonkoff, 2012 ; Moffitt, 2013 ; McEwen and McEwen, 2015 ). While long on clinical description, major challenges remain in determining the mechanisms through which ELS has both immediate and long-term pathophysiological effects.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early-Life Stress Paradigm Transiently Alters Maternal Behavior, Dam-Pup Interactions, and Offspring Vocalizations in Mice

Heun-Johnson

Levitt

2016

Front. Behav. Neurosci.

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Animal models can help elucidate the mechanisms through which early-life stress (ELS) has pathophysiological effects on the developing brain. One model that has been developed for rodents consists of limiting the amount of bedding and nesting material during the first postnatal weeks of pup life. This ELS environment has been shown to induce “abusive” behaviors by rat dams towards pups, while mouse dams have been hypothesized to display “fragmented care”. Here, as part of an ongoing study of gene-environment interactions that impact brain development, we analyzed long observation periods of wild-type C57Bl/6J dams caring for wild-type and Met heterozygous pups. Met encodes for the MET receptor tyrosine kinase, which is involved in cortical and hippocampal synaptogenesis. Dams with limited resources from postnatal day (P)2 to P9 preserved regular long on-nest periods, and instead increased the number of discrete dam-pup interactions during regular off-nest periods. Immediately after dams entered the nest during off-nest periods in this ELS environment, pups responded to these qualitatively different interactions with an increased number of ultrasonic vocalizations (USV) and audible vocalizations (AV), communication signals that have been associated with aversive and painful stimuli. After returning to control conditions, nest entry behaviors normalized, and dams did not show altered anxiety-like or contextual fear learning behaviors after pup weaning. Furthermore, female mice that had undergone ELS as pups did not show atypical nest entry behaviors in control conditions in adulthood, suggesting that these specific maternal behaviors are not learned during the ELS period. The results suggest that atypical responses of both mother and pups during exposure to this ELS environment likely contribute to long-term negative outcomes in mice, and that these responses more closely resemble the effects of limited bedding on rat dams and pups than was previously suggested. Discerning how different early-life stressors mediate changes in maternal-pup interactions can help elucidate the mechanisms of ELS on brain development and behavior.

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Social, Psychological, and Physiological Reactions to Stress

Cited by 12 publications

References 45 publications

Neurobiological and Systemic Effects of Chronic Stress

Neurobiological and Systemic Effects of Chronic Stress

How the Social Becomes the Biological: The Interaction between the Genome and the Environment

Early-Life Stress Paradigm Transiently Alters Maternal Behavior, Dam-Pup Interactions, and Offspring Vocalizations in Mice

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