Social reinstatement and open-field testing in chickens

Suarez, Susan D.; Gallup, Gordon G.

doi:10.3758/bf03212318

Cited by 93 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…There are some behaviors that seem to be more heavily influenced by fear than by the social motivation, e.g. the duration of freezing, and ambulation [117].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A critical review of fear tests used on cattle, pigs, sheep, poultry and horses

Forkman¹,

Boissy

Meunier-Salaün

et al. 2007

Physiology & Behavior

753

626

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FORKMAN, B., A., BOISSY, M.-C., SALAÜN, E., CANALI, AND R.B., JONES. A critical review of fear tests used on cattle, pigs, sheep, poultry and horses. PHYSIOL. BEHAV. 000-000, 2007. Fear is arguably the most commonly investigated emotion in domestic animals. In the current review we attempt to establish the level of repeatability and validity found for fear tests used on cattle, pigs, sheep and goats, poultry and horses. We focus the review on the three most common types of fear tests: the arena test (open field), the novel object test, and the restraint test. For some tests, e.g. tonic immobility in poultry, there is a good and broad literature on factors that affect the outcome of the test, the validity of the test and its age dependency. However, there are comparatively few of these well defined and validated tests and what is especially missing for most tests is information on the robustness, i.e., what aspects can be changed without affecting the validity of the tests. The relative absence of standardized tests hampers the development of applied ethology as a science.

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“…There are some behaviors that seem to be more heavily influenced by fear than by the social motivation, e.g. the duration of freezing, and ambulation [117].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A critical review of fear tests used on cattle, pigs, sheep, poultry and horses

Forkman¹,

Boissy

Meunier-Salaün

et al. 2007

Physiology & Behavior

753

626

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…field experiments involve predatory overtones related to the human contact resulting from the handling associated with the removal of the animal from its home cage and its subsequent placement in the testing apparatus (Suarez & Gallup, 1981). Moreover,open-field testing also usually involves suddensocial separation from familiar and/or imprinted companions (Suarez & Gallup, 1983, 1985.The importance of threats of predation and social isolation may differ for males and females. If one considers that male chicks develop into territorial and aggressive animals (McBride & Foenander, 1962), it is reasonable to supposethat malesmightbe "less social" than females.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Open-field behavior of young chicks (Gallus gallus): Antipredatory responses, social reinstatement motivation, and gender effects

Vallorttgara

Zanforlin

1988

Animal Learning & Behavior

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Two experiments investigating sex differences in the open-field behavior of young chicks are reported. In the first experiment, ambulation latencies of lO-day-old male and female chicks in a novel environment were measured. Half of the chicks were kept in social isolation for 2 days prior to testing; the other half were socially reared until tested. Results showed that in socially reared chicks ambulation latencies were significantly higher in males than in females, whereas in isolation-reared chicks there were no significant sex differences. In the second experiment, latencies of ambulation were measured in socially reared lO-day-old chicks placed in a novel environment with or without a visible predator (i.e., a human being). Sex differences were evident in both conditions, with males showing higher ambulation latencies than females. It is argued that sex differences in open-field behavior of chicks may bedue to a stronger motivation for social reinstatement in females, which reduces the usual antipredatory reactions of chicks placed in a novel environment.Contradictory resultshave been reportedconcerning the existence of sex differences in the open-field behavior of youngchicks. Candland, Nagy, and Conklyn(1963) found no significant sex differences in the distress calling of 1-day-old chicks, and Gallup (1974) reported no sex differences in tonic immobility. Faure and Folmer (1975) and Faure (1979) reported sex differences in only one of 13 strains tested. Consistent sex differences, however, have been reported by Jones and his co-workers: males show less activity, vocalization, and feeding (Jones, 1977a(Jones, , 1977bJones & Black, 1979), and emerge more slowly from a dark enclosure (Jones, 1979). These observations were recently confirmedby Faure (1981,1982), who argued that previous contradictory results could be due to differencesin the open fields used, whichmay have induced differing levels of fear depending on how similar they were to the chicks' home cage. These authors maintainthat (1) males are more fearfulthan females, and (2) sex differences that appear at low-to-moderate levels of fear may disappear at higher levels of fear.What remains unclear, however, is what the functional explanation for these differences may be: why should males be more fearful than females? A possible explanation may be relatedto the differentinterpretative approach of open-field behavior recently proposed by Gallup and Suarez (1980). Gallup and Suarez proposed that, as opposed to a "fear" or "emotionality" hypothesis, openfield behavior might reflect a compromise between opposite tendencies to reinstate social contact with conspecificsand to evade predation. field experiments involve predatory overtones related to the human contact resulting from the handling associated with the removal of the animal from its home cage and its subsequent placement in the testing apparatus (Suarez & Gallup, 1981). Moreover,open-field testing also usually involves suddensocial separation from familiar and/or imprinted companions (Suare...

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“…Domestic chickens also differ from Red Junglefowl in their fear responses (Schütz, Kerje et al 2004;Campler, Jöngren et al 2009). One test situation that can be used to measure aspects of fearfulness in a reasonably objective and repeatable fashion is the open field test (Faure 1981;Suarez and Gallup 1983;Webster and Hurnik 1989). It consists in placing an animal in an open area and measuring, in this case by video tracking, how fast it moves and which parts of the arena it occupies.…”

Section: Fear and Anxiety In Chicken Domesticationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genomics of chicken domestication and feralisation

Johnsson¹

2015

Linköping Studies in Science and Technology. Dissertations

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Domestication can serve as a study system of rapid evolutionary change with wideranging effects on traits in animals. The chicken was domesticated from the Red Junglefowl and has diverged in behaviour, morphology and life history traits. Conversely, feralisation is a more recent process when domestic animals are again exposed and respond to an environment outside of human husbandry. Linkage-based quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping has been used to localise genetic variants that affect domestication traits in the chicken genome. Because of the limited resolution of linkage mapping, the QTL regions associated with domestication traits are often broad and contain many genes. One approach to help sort out potential causative genes is to measure gene expression as an intermediary molecular phenotype. In this dissertation, expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) mapping of gene expression traits is used to search for potential causative genes for domestication traits in the chicken. Expression quantitative trait loci were mapped across the whole genome in bone and hypothalamus samples, and targeted at QTL regions in the base of the comb. These studies have resulted in candidate quantitative trait genes, supported by genetic and gene expression evidence, for relative comb mass, bone allocation, egg production and fearful behaviour as measured in an open field test. Secondly, a population genomics approach was used to study the molecular basis of feralisation in a free-range feral chicken population from the Pacific island of Kauai. Mitochondrial DNA sequences and phenotypic observations establish the hybrid origin of this population as a mixture of wild and domestic chickens. Genome-wide mapping of pooled heterozygosity highlight regions that may be involved in adaptation to the feral environment. The expression QTL results bring us closer to knowledge about the molecular basis of domestication traits in the chicken, suggesting plausible candidate genes and opening up for functional studies of individual loci. The population genomic study shows that feralisation has a mostly different genomic architecture than domestication, and suggests phenotypic effects, based on overlap with domestication QTL regions, for some of the identified regions. 2 Populärvetenskaplig sammanfattningDomesticering är när en vild population ger upphov till en tam population i människans vård, och är ett exempel på snabb evolutionär förändring som påverkar många ärftliga egenskaper hos djur. Feralisering, å andra sidan, är när tama djur åter utsätts för vilda omgivningar. De stora ärftliga skillnader som uppstått under domesticering gör att jämförelsen mellan vilda och tama djur kan användas som genetiskt studiesystem för flera kvantitativa egenskaper. Hos feraliserade djur kan man se vad som händer med tamdjurs egenskaper och genetiska varianter i en vild miljö.Den här avhandlingen handlar om den genetiska grunden för domesticering och feralisering. Den omfattar arbeten som belyser, i tur och ordning: hönskammens storlek; benets ...

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Social reinstatement and open-field testing in chickens

Cited by 93 publications

References 33 publications

A critical review of fear tests used on cattle, pigs, sheep, poultry and horses

A critical review of fear tests used on cattle, pigs, sheep, poultry and horses

Open-field behavior of young chicks (Gallus gallus): Antipredatory responses, social reinstatement motivation, and gender effects

Genomics of chicken domestication and feralisation

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