Social Roles as Process: Caregiving Careers and Women's Health

Pavalko, Eliza K.; Woodbury, Shari

doi:10.2307/2676362

Cited by 159 publications

(115 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Caregiving is time consuming and has been associated with restricted social activity across ethnic groups [33][34][35]50 and with psychologic distress. 51 With respect to the within-roles buffering effect, we found interesting results for family roles. High reward in the married role was associated with a decrease in the detrimental effect of stress in this role on depressive symptoms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…55 This coping resource may be shaped by cultural factors such as familism (i.e., strong attachment, reciprocity, and loyalty to family members), suggested as a core value of the Hispanic community and described as key in the Chinese and African American cultures. 35,46,51,56 Previous SWAN findings showed that compared to Caucasians, African American midlife women had a greater sense of identity and security 55 and, overall, no significant difference in depressive symptoms after accounting for their greater financial strain, poorer general health, and more stressful life events. 56 In the current analyses, however, African American mothers were less likely to report depressive symptoms than were Caucasian mothers, suggesting that African American mothers may emphasize the positive aspects of family and be less likely to report poor mental health than their Caucasian counterparts.…”

Section: Race/ethnicitymentioning

confidence: 95%

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Role Stress, Role Reward, and Mental Health in a Multiethnic Sample of Midlife Women: Results from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN)

Scalea

Matthews

Avis

et al. 2012

Journal of Women's Health

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Background: Little is known about the independent associations of reward and stress within specific roles with multiple measures of mental health in an ethnically diverse community sample of midlife women. The objective of this study is to examine if (1) role reward (within each role and across roles) contributes directly to mental health and buffers the negative impact of role stress and (2) associations among role occupancy, role stress, and role reward and mental health vary by race/ethnicity. Methods: With separate logistic regression analysis, we investigated cross-sectional relationships between role stress and role reward with presence/absence of high depressive symptoms (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale [CES-D ‡ 16]), anxiety symptoms (feeling tense or nervous, irritable or grouchy, fearful for no reason, and heart pounding or racing total score ‡ 4), or low social functioning (bottom 25th percentile of the Short-Form-36 [SF-36] social functioning subscale) in 2549 women participating in the third visit of the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN), a longitudinal population-based study of menopause. Results: High reward across roles attenuated the negative impact of role stress on social functioning but not on anxiety or depression. High reward marriage buffered the impact of marital stress on depression, and high reward mothering buffered the effect of maternal stress on depression and social functioning. Compared to Caucasians, Hispanics and Chinese with high stress across roles had better social functioning, and African American mothers had lower odds of high depressive symptoms. Conclusions: Role reward buffers the negative impact of stress on social functioning and depression, but not on anxiety. Minorities may respond to role stress by seeking social support.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Section: Race/ethnicitymentioning

confidence: 95%

Role Stress, Role Reward, and Mental Health in a Multiethnic Sample of Midlife Women: Results from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN)

Scalea

Matthews

Avis

et al. 2012

Journal of Women's Health

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…In essence, problems can beget more problems within the same life domain, as when AIDS caregivers' tasks expand exponentially as their loved ones' health deteriorates (Pearlin, Aneshensel, and LeBlanc 1997). Difficulties in one life domain also can spread to other domains, as when increased caregiving duties interfere with work performance or cause job loss (Pavalko and Woodbury 2000;Pearlin et al 1997). The proliferation of primary stressors from one life domain to another (for example, from work to home, from loss of spouse to financial problems, from job loss to marital and parenting strains) has been well-documented (Bolger et al 1989;Dilworth and Kingsbury 2005;Grzywacz, Almeida, and McDonald 2002;Lorenz et al 1997;Umberson, Wortman, and Kessler 1992).…”

Section: Finding 3: Members Of Minority Groups Are Additionally Burdementioning

confidence: 99%

Stress and Health: Major Findings and Policy Implications

2010

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Forty decades of sociological stress research offer five major findings. First, when stressors (negative events, chronic strains, and traumas) are measured comprehensively, their damaging impacts on physical and mental health are substantial. Second, differential exposure to stressful experiences is a primary way that gender, racial-ethnic, marital status, and social class inequalities in physical and mental health are produced. Third, minority group members are additionally harmed by discrimination stress. Fourth, stressors proliferate over the life course and across generations, widening health gaps between advantaged and disadvantaged group members. Fifth, the impacts of stressors on health and well-being are reduced when persons have high levels of mastery, self-esteem, and/or social support. With respect to policy, to help individuals cope with adversity, tried and true coping and support interventions should be more widely disseminated and employed. To address health inequalities, the structural conditions that put people at risk of stressors should be a focus of programs and policies at macro and meso levels of intervention. Programs and policies also should target children who are at lifetime risk of ill health and distress due to exposure to poverty and stressful family circumstances.

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“…Caregivers attempt to balance caregiving with their other activities such as work, family and leisure, to meet the demands of daily living. Inability to strike a balance results in experiences of negative reactions such as increased sense of burden (Argimon, Limon, Vila, & Cabezas, 2004;Pavalko & Woodbury, 2000;Stephens, Townsend, Martire, & Druley, 2001). According to Reinhard et al (2008) both negative and positive consequences of providing care may exist simultaneously.…”

Section: Caregiving and Supportmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing Women Caregiving Role to People Living With HIV/AIDS in Nigeria, West Africa

2017

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HIV/AIDS scourge remains high in most countries of sub-Saharan Africa such as Nigeria, which is home to about 3.3 million HIV positive individuals and represents the second largest burden of HIV/AIDS care, treatment and demand worldwide after South Africa. Anti-retroviral treatment options though a welcome development, has increased the number of people living with this chronic illness, and most of them depend on family members for physical and emotional support. Traditional gender norms in Nigeria ensure that legitimately, women and girls are the first options for caregiving roles. This mandatory role has in turn imposed psychosocial disruption in the lives of female family members in Calabar, Nigeria. This descriptive study utilized convenient sampling technique, Zarit Burden Interview scale and semistructured questionnaires for data collection (260 respondents), and data analyses were achieved using SPSS16.0. The study showed that a significant (p < .05) proportion of women (91%) were involved in providing care, including children from 10 years and above. Caregivers had minimal social support which increased the burden they experienced. The need for policy that recognizes and supports female caregivers ("silent cornerstone") to reduce burden and ensure high quality care of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in Nigeria is advocated.Keywords female caregivers, PLWHA, burden of caregiving, Nigeria 2 SAGE Open consequences from physically and emotionally demanding work of caregiving. The physical tasks performed by the caregivers transcend minor to complex tasks, which is similar to those carried out by paid health or social service providers. These impart a great degree of burden on the caregivers especially, as they combine the caregiving services with their official roles in the society. Caregiving has increased the burden of care on many households particularly the females, by worsening their economic status and subjecting them to imminent poverty. The need for heal thcare system and government to promulgate policies that will support female caregivers and also enhance quality of care to PLWHA in Nigeria becomes imperative. This study therefore highlights the extent of burden experienced by female caregivers compared to male counterparts and the support available to all caregivers of PLWHA in Calabar Municipality, Nigeria. Women and Burden of CareWomen constitute about 50% of the people living with HIV today worldwide (WHO, 2013). In 2007, the prevalence of HIV infection had been on men than women (UNAIDS, 2008), but with the turn of events women now bear the burden of this devastating disease more than men (WHO/ UNICEF/ UNFPA/World Bank, 2010). In sub-Saharan Africa, women constitute 60% of people living with HIV and the proportion of women living with HIV has been increasing in the last 10 years (WHO, 2013). These figures vindicate the words of Lewis (2005) that HIV/AIDS in Africa has a "female face." Apart from biological vulnerability of women to HIV, the African traditional gender norms stipula...

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Social Roles as Process: Caregiving Careers and Women's Health

Cited by 159 publications

References 24 publications

Role Stress, Role Reward, and Mental Health in a Multiethnic Sample of Midlife Women: Results from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN)

Role Stress, Role Reward, and Mental Health in a Multiethnic Sample of Midlife Women: Results from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN)

Stress and Health: Major Findings and Policy Implications

Assessing Women Caregiving Role to People Living With HIV/AIDS in Nigeria, West Africa

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