“…Since governments and businesses are aggressively pushing smart tourism to gain competitiveness in the market, the defined STE has remarkable implications for scientific research to capture the phenomenon. Smart tourism research focusing on the destination made its debut that year (e.g., Boes, Buhalis, & Inversini, 2016;Buhalis & Amaranggana, 2015;Buonincontri & Micera, 2016;Cacho et al, 2016;Chung, Han, & Joun, 2015;Chung, Lee, Lee, & Koo, 2015;de Esteban Curiel, Jalón, Herráez, & Antonovica, 2017;Del Chiappa & Baggio, 2015;Hwang, Park, & Hunter, 2015;Koo, Joun, Han, & Chung, 2016;Koo, Shin, Gretzel, Hunter, & Chung, 2016;Marchiori & Cantoni, 2015) and "experiences" (e.g., Buonincontri, & Micera, 2016;Marchiori & Cantoni, 2015;Gretzel, Reino, Kopera, & Koo, 2015).…”