Social Structure and Criminal Victimization

Smith, D.; Jarjoura, G. Roger

doi:10.1177/0022427888025001003

Cited by 161 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 43 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Large urban areas also produce structural differentiation among the population. Competition among disparate subcultures creates pressure among the members of each subculture to conform to the expectations of their respective group, thus making urban dwellers more predisposed to partake in deviant types of behavior (Smith & Jarjoura, 1988). Tolerance among the population for unconventional behavior is also magnified in these situations (Greenberg, Kessler, & Logan, 1979).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do cities influence co-offending?

D’Alessio

Stolzenberg

2010

Journal of Criminal Justice

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do cities influence co-offending?

D’Alessio

Stolzenberg

2010

Journal of Criminal Justice

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…1 Similarly, Smith and Jarjoura found a strong correlation between racial segregation and violent crime, after adjustment for poverty. 4 Peterson and Krivo also found that racial segregation was implicated as a risk factor for African American homicide rates. 5 Likewise, other research has consistently found an association between race and violence at the individual level.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…[1][2][3][4]6 For instance, Fabio et al found that higher levels of racial segregation were significantly associated with higher levels of violent injury in Pennsylvania counties, after adjustment for other county-level factors. 6 Logan and Messner found that more racially segregated metropolitan areas experienced higher rates of violent crime.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Association Between County-Level Injury Rates and Racial Segregation Revisited: A Multilevel Analysis

Fabio

Sauber-Schatz²,

Barbour³

et al. 2009

Am J Public Health

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Research has found that racial segregation is associated with a variety of public health outcomes, including violence. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] Although recent data suggest that racial segregation continues to decline, many communities remain highly segregated. In 2000, 25% of the metropolitan statistical areas in the United States were hypersegregated (dissimilarity index [a measure of segregation in which a higher number indicates a greater degree of segregation 10 ]>0.60), and another 50% were partially segregated (dissimilarity index = 0.40-0.60).11 This high level of exposure and the variety of associated public health outcomes highlight the importance of understanding the association between racial segregation and individual risk. However, much previous research concentrated either on macrolevel relationships between community segregation and aggregate violence rates 1-6 or on individual-level analyses. 7-9 These singlelevel approaches cannot identify how much of the association between segregation and violence represents an independent contextual effect on top of simple population compositional effects. Previous work had 2 major limitations First, no studies adequately looked at the association of segregation and violence by incorporating the individual-and community-level effects of race on individual risk. To address this association, we used generalized estimating equations to adjust for the correlation structure inherent in multilevel data, which allowed us to tease apart the independent associations of individual-and community-level race. Second, the few existing multilevel studies employed racial compositional measures (i.e., percentage of individuals of a specific race in a community) as indicators of segregation.12-14 Such measures have been shown to be highly correlated with other neighborhood-level risk factors. 15 Therefore, it is not known how much of an observed association between compositional measures of racial segregation and violence is attributable directly to racial segregation or to other factors such as socioeconomic status. To isolate the effects of racial segregation, we used principal components analysis to calculate an independent and separate factor for racial segregation. Principal components analysis reduces the number of correlated variables into a smaller number of uncorrelated variables. Previous work has shown that high levels of racial segregation within Pennsylvania counties were associated with high county-level rates of violent injury after other known county-level risk factors were controlled for. 6 We updated those analyses by including individual-level data and conducting multilevel analysis. Our purpose was to investigate whether the contextual effects of racial segregation are associated with increased risk of violent injury beyond an individual's risk. We used multilevel analytic techniques to simultaneously account for individual-and county-level risk factors. The model consisted of 2 levels, individual and county. Individual-level data were collected from Pe...

show abstract

“…Shaw and McKay (1942) were one of the first to argue that communities that lack necessary resources due to low economic status would generally have weaker social cohesion (i.e., social ties) and in return be subject to higher crime rates. To further support the theory, recent literature has linked structural characteristics to crime and delinquency and has provided claims that informal controls can mediate the relationship between the two (Bursik and Webb 1982;Hart and Waller 2013;Smith and Jarjoura 1988). To extend the study of community social disorganization and crime beyond urban settings, Osgood and Chambers (2000) conducted county-level analysis on more than 250 nonmetropolitan counties across four states.…”

Section: Social Disorganizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Exploratory Assessment of Community-Oriented Policing Implementation, Social Disorganization and Crime in America

Przeszlowski

Crichlow

2018

Social Sciences

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Prior research has examined the impact of community-oriented policing (COP) on crime extensively. While the implementation of community policing has been considered mainly within the context of large police agencies, there is a paucity of research on how COP impacts crime reduction efforts in smaller locales. This study explores the effects of the degree of community policing implementation within smaller agencies and cities on crime. As part of the discussion on the impact of COP implementation, this paper also considers the impact of social disorganization on crime in the United States. The aim is to gain further insight into what variables may be influencing crime rates in contexts that garner less attention from researchers. The findings indicate that COP implementation does not significantly explain the variation of crime rates. Still, the statistically significant results on several social disorganization factors reflect the need to incorporate social disorganization theory with practice in order to maximize community-policing success. The implications of these results for police practice as well as directions for future research are discussed.

show abstract

Social Structure and Criminal Victimization

Cited by 161 publications

References 43 publications

Do cities influence co-offending?

Do cities influence co-offending?

The Association Between County-Level Injury Rates and Racial Segregation Revisited: A Multilevel Analysis

An Exploratory Assessment of Community-Oriented Policing Implementation, Social Disorganization and Crime in America

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About