Abstract:The present study examined the main and interactive effects of relationship-specific (i.e., spouses, friends, parents, and children) social support and strain on positive (happiness and well-being) and negative (loneliness and depressive symptoms) psychological well-being, and whether the associations varied by age and gender. A dataset was collected from 1033 adults (20–69 years; 50.1% female) from South Korea regarding social support and strain and indicators of psychological well-being. Results revealed tha… Show more
“…Our findings also revealed that the presence of negative interactions (i.e., conflict) has particularly detrimental effects in depressive symptoms. Consistent with prior evidence indicating that conflict and strain have more potent effects on mental health than social support (25,26,77,78), individuals in the friend-focused network type (characterized as having average network size, the highest engagement in social activities, and above-average received support, but the highest levels of conflicts with family and friends) reported the second highest (almost comparable to the highest score found in the restricted network type) depressive symptomatology (mean score of 22.30 on the CES-D). It can therefore be assumed that, although social support occurring across multiple social relationships and having many social roles in the family and the community can have additive benefits, conflicting social interactions themselves can dampen such beneficial effects of multiple support and roles on depressive symptomatology.…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 89%
“…For instance, perceived social isolation has been shown to be a significant precursor of depressive symptomatology while controlling for demographic characteristics, personality, stress, and physical health (21), and a lack of supportive interactions has been shown to predict suicidal ideation and attempt (22), as well as consummated suicide (23). Interpersonal conflict has also been shown to be the most robust stressor for daily fluctuations of negative mood, with accumulated and escalating effects when it continues over a few days (24)(25)(26). Empirical evidence indicates that individuals are particularly sensitive to social stressors relative to other stressful life events, and depression is often triggered by specific negative social life event such as the loss of a loved one, family conflict, or relationship breakdown (27)(28)(29).…”
BackgroundDepression remains among the most prevalent mental disorders, and it severely affects daily functioning and quality of life. There has been extensive research reporting on the impact of social relationships on depression, but much of this research has only considered isolated aspects of relationships. This study derived social network types based on the multiple components of social relationships, and then investigated their effects on depressive symptoms.MethodsUsing samples of 620 adults (Mage = 53.52), Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) was conducted to uncover network types based on the structural (network size, contact frequency, marital status, and social engagement), functional (levels of support and conflict), and qualitative (satisfaction with relationships) aspects of social relationships. Multiple regressions were used to test if distinct network types directly impact on depressive symptoms and whether network types moderate the association of loneliness (perceived social isolation) with depressive symptoms.ResultsLPA identified four distinct network types (diverse, family-focused, friend-focused, and restricted) and there were significant differences in depressive symptoms among four network types. Analysis using the BCH method showed that individuals in the restricted network type had the highest depressive symptoms, followed in order by individuals in the friend-focused, family-focused, and diverse network types. Regression results further indicated that an individual’s network network type membership was significantly associated with depressive symptoms, and being in the diverse and family-focused network types alleviated the negative effect of loneliness on depressive symptoms.ConclusionThe results suggest that both quantitative and qualitative aspects of social relationships are important in buffering against the adverse effect of loneliness on depressive symptoms. These findings underscore the utility of taking a multi-dimensional approach to uncover heterogeneity in the social networks of adults and their implications on depression.
“…Our findings also revealed that the presence of negative interactions (i.e., conflict) has particularly detrimental effects in depressive symptoms. Consistent with prior evidence indicating that conflict and strain have more potent effects on mental health than social support (25,26,77,78), individuals in the friend-focused network type (characterized as having average network size, the highest engagement in social activities, and above-average received support, but the highest levels of conflicts with family and friends) reported the second highest (almost comparable to the highest score found in the restricted network type) depressive symptomatology (mean score of 22.30 on the CES-D). It can therefore be assumed that, although social support occurring across multiple social relationships and having many social roles in the family and the community can have additive benefits, conflicting social interactions themselves can dampen such beneficial effects of multiple support and roles on depressive symptomatology.…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 89%
“…For instance, perceived social isolation has been shown to be a significant precursor of depressive symptomatology while controlling for demographic characteristics, personality, stress, and physical health (21), and a lack of supportive interactions has been shown to predict suicidal ideation and attempt (22), as well as consummated suicide (23). Interpersonal conflict has also been shown to be the most robust stressor for daily fluctuations of negative mood, with accumulated and escalating effects when it continues over a few days (24)(25)(26). Empirical evidence indicates that individuals are particularly sensitive to social stressors relative to other stressful life events, and depression is often triggered by specific negative social life event such as the loss of a loved one, family conflict, or relationship breakdown (27)(28)(29).…”
BackgroundDepression remains among the most prevalent mental disorders, and it severely affects daily functioning and quality of life. There has been extensive research reporting on the impact of social relationships on depression, but much of this research has only considered isolated aspects of relationships. This study derived social network types based on the multiple components of social relationships, and then investigated their effects on depressive symptoms.MethodsUsing samples of 620 adults (Mage = 53.52), Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) was conducted to uncover network types based on the structural (network size, contact frequency, marital status, and social engagement), functional (levels of support and conflict), and qualitative (satisfaction with relationships) aspects of social relationships. Multiple regressions were used to test if distinct network types directly impact on depressive symptoms and whether network types moderate the association of loneliness (perceived social isolation) with depressive symptoms.ResultsLPA identified four distinct network types (diverse, family-focused, friend-focused, and restricted) and there were significant differences in depressive symptoms among four network types. Analysis using the BCH method showed that individuals in the restricted network type had the highest depressive symptoms, followed in order by individuals in the friend-focused, family-focused, and diverse network types. Regression results further indicated that an individual’s network network type membership was significantly associated with depressive symptoms, and being in the diverse and family-focused network types alleviated the negative effect of loneliness on depressive symptoms.ConclusionThe results suggest that both quantitative and qualitative aspects of social relationships are important in buffering against the adverse effect of loneliness on depressive symptoms. These findings underscore the utility of taking a multi-dimensional approach to uncover heterogeneity in the social networks of adults and their implications on depression.
“…effect model holds that social support maintains good emotional experiences, reduces negative emotions and reduces the risk of depression [31]. Social support has a negative predictive effect on depression [32].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Social support is the perception of emotional experiences related to support, respect and understanding from the outside world [ 30 ]. Studies showed that the primary effect model holds that social support maintains good emotional experiences, reduces negative emotions and reduces the risk of depression [ 31 ]. Social support has a negative predictive effect on depression [ 32 ].…”
Background
This study aimed to investigate the impact of self-consciousness on depression of college students, and mainly focus on confirming the mediator role of life meaningful and self-efficacy, as well as the moderator role of social support.
Methods
In the present study, convenient sampling method was adopted, 583 college students were recruited from Harbin city and Wenzhou city in China. All students were assessed using self-assessment scales, including self-consciousness scale, life meaningful scale, self-efficacy scale, social support scale, and self-rating depression scale. Descriptive statistical analysis and correlation analysis, structural equation model analysis were conducted by SPSS 25.0 and M-plus.
Results
Results showed that self-consciousness was negatively related to depression, life meaningful and self-efficacy partially mediated the relation between self-consciousness and depression. Moderated mediation analysis further indicated that the relation between self-efficacy and depression were moderated bu social support. Compare with college students who had high social support, depression in those with low social support was more susceptible to the effect of self-efficacy.
Conclusion
These findings imply that college students with low levels of self-consciousness are more easy to be depressive, enhancing their sense of life meaning and self-efficacy can effectively alleviate depression, and college student with high social support can benefit more from self-efficacy. Therefore we should pay more attention to the mental health problems of low levels self-consciousness college students in university.
“…Studies that have found that social support was more strongly related to life satisfaction (George et al, 1985) and mental health (Lutz & Fiske, 2018; Milner et al, 2016; Segrin, 2003) for younger adults compared to middle-aged or older adults. Given these differences, (Shin & Gyeong, 2023) recommend that researchers examine relationships between social support and well-being by age as shown in Figure 1.Figure 1.Stress buffering model, stage model, and stress buffering stage model.…”
Greater levels of physical disability are often accompanied by greater levels of psychological distress. Stress Buffering Theory ( Cohen & Wills, 1985 ; Thoits, 2011 ) posits that the level of social support buffers this relationship. Life Stage Theory proposes the previously untested hypothesis that the salience of the buffering offered by social support may decrease with age – i.e., that as individuals age, emotional support offers a weaker buffer of the effect of disability on psychological distress ( Segrin, 2003 ). This research tested a unified Stress Buffering/Life Stage model of psychological distress. We hypothesized that the buffering effect of emotional support is greater for younger adults than for older adults. Study data were drawn from 293 adults who self-identified as having a physical disability. Respondents’ age, emotional support, psychological distress, and disability were assessed. A saturated three-way interaction analysis of covariance model was used to evaluate the association of disability and psychological distress, as buffered by emotional support, for older versus younger people. Results were consistent with a unified Stress Buffering Life Stage model. Greater levels of emotional support attenuated the relationship between disability and psychological distress for younger, but not for older, study participants. Self-reported measures and the cross-sectional design precludes making causal inferences. Emotional support may be particularly salient for younger people in buffering the effects of disability on psychological distress.
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