Social Support Moderates Effects of Natural Disaster Exposure on Depression and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms: Effects for Displaced and Nondisplaced Residents

McGuire, Adam P.; Gauthier, Jami M.; Anderson, Lisa M.; Hollingsworth, David W.; Tracy, Melissa; Galea, Sandro; Coffey, Scott F.

doi:10.1002/jts.22270

Cited by 116 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…For example, among former child soldiers, all with very high levels of violence and trauma exposure, those with higher levels of family acceptance and social support after reintegration show better psychosocial adjustment . Adults exposed to natural disasters have fewer symptoms of PTSD and depression if they experience or perceive positive social support . Similarly, perceived social support predicted fewer trauma‐related symptoms in adults with a history of childhood maltreatment …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Role of social cognition in post‐traumatic stress disorder: A review and meta‐analysis

Stevens

Jovanović

2018

Genes Brain and Behavior

107

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Social functioning is a key component of recovery after a potentially traumatic experience, and the buffering role of the social support in trauma resilience and recovery has been very well documented. Factors contributing to resilience and recovery are notable because although most people will experience a traumatic event during their lifetimes, only 6% to 10% are diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The relationship between an individual and their social environment is determined both by the quality of the social environment itself, and by the individual's perception and understanding of information conveyed by the other people around them. However, little research has considered the contribution of these internal social cognitive processes to PTSD risk or resilience. The current review draws on the existing literature on social cognitive functioning in trauma exposure and PTSD, identifying key questions and themes for future research. We utilized a meta-analytic approach to assess the evidence for alterations in social cognition in PTSD, finding a consistent large deficit in social cognitive performance in PTSD groups relative to trauma-exposed and healthy controls. We then reviewed the literature on the interaction of genes and the social environment, supporting the hypothesis that social cognitive deficits are a preexisting risk factor for PTSD. Finally, we reviewed relevant neuroimaging findings, which suggest that alterations in social cognition affect the perception of threat cues in PTSD. Overall, research on social cognition and PTSD is still emerging, but existing findings suggest this is an important and understudied area for the understanding of PTSD.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, there may be caveats to the G × SE interactions, and the specific nature of the social environment needs to be considered. Further, social cognition may provide more insight into the impact of social environment on risk and resilience …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of social cognition in post‐traumatic stress disorder: A review and meta‐analysis

Stevens

Jovanović

2018

Genes Brain and Behavior

107

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“…The Gee and Payne-Sturges model provides a useful framework to consider community and environmental factors, some of which may be modifiable as part of environmental regulatory activities, investment and planning for revitalization that also includes natural hazard risks facing communities and counties [64,[76][77][78][79][80].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To date, limited national analysis has examined brownfield reuse choices as incremental actions for improving equity and resilience [77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84]; this study examines counties and additional factors contributing to actual reuse choices. This is appropriate, given the county role in planning, public health, environmental protection, economic development, and preparedness, as well as the county's frequent role as a brownfield grant recipient or partner to local recipients.…”

Section: Proposed Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The significant relationship between flood risk and green reuse only or green reuse in combination with other reuses provides evidence of progress in incorporating green reuse into brownfield development. This is of increasing importance as urbanization trends increase population density in potential risk areas and risk ranges expand [77][78][79][80][81][82][83]. Changes in extreme regional precipitation increases risks beyond those identified in past flood plain measures and places greater pressure on local governments and communities to consider community needs as part of revitalization activities [12,14,50,53,[84][85][86][87][88].…”

Section: Green Reusementioning

confidence: 99%

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Reuse Choice, Flood Risk and Resilience, and Characteristics of Counties with Brownfield Cleanups

Carroll¹,

Kanarek²

2018

Urban Science

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Limited research has examined brownfields clean-up, reuse choice and associations with flood risk or resilience. This cross-sectional analysis examines counties with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) funded brownfield cleanups initiated from 2005 through 2009 and assesses the county-level relationship of green reuse with flood risk while accounting for county factors of resources, environmental stressors, race and ethnicity, location, and structural characteristics, as modified from the Gee and Payne-Sturges conceptual model of community environmental health. Flood plain designation predicted a three-fold odds of green reuse alone (OR = 2.96 [95% CI, 1.31-6.66]) and green with other reuses (OR = 2.88 [95% CI, 1.07-7.75]). Green reuse alone was influenced negatively when a county had an eastern or western US location or a larger proportion of population aged 5-24 and positively when population education levels were higher. Among counties with green and other reuse, low education was predictive. Conceptually, decisions for green reuse alone were driven by resources and location while decisions for green and other reuse were driven by resources, location and environmental stressors.

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Prevalence of Depression and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Flint, Michigan, 5 Years After the Onset of the Water Crisis

et al. 2022

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ImportanceEnvironmental disasters, such as the Flint, Michigan, water crisis, are potentially traumatic events (PTEs) that may precipitate long-term psychiatric disorders. The water crisis was associated with acute elevations in mental health problems in the Flint community, but long-term psychiatric sequelae have not yet been evaluated using standardized diagnostic measures.ObjectiveTo investigate the prevalence of and factors associated with current presumptive diagnostic-level major depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among Flint residents 5 years after the onset of the crisis.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsIn this cross-sectional study, a household probability sample of 1970 adults living in Flint, Michigan, during the crisis were surveyed about their crisis experiences, their psychological symptoms 5 years later, and their access to and use of mental health services in the intervening years. Analyses were weighted to produce population-representative estimates.Main Outcomes and MeasuresPresumptive Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth Edition) (DSM-5) diagnostic-level past-year major depression and PTSD.ResultsAmong 1970 respondents, 1061 of 1946 reporting sex (54.5%) were women; 1043 of 1951 reporting race (53.5%) were Black or African American and 829 (42.5%) were White; and 1895 of 1946 reporting ethnicity (97.4%) were non-Hispanic. Overall, 435 (22.1%) met DSM-5 criteria for presumptive past-year depression, 480 (24.4%) for presumptive past-year PTSD, and 276 (14.0%) for both disorders. Residents who believed that their or their family’s health was harmed by contaminated water (eg, risk ratio [RR] for depression: 2.23; 95% CI, 1.80-2.76), who had low confidence in public-official information (eg, RR for PTSD, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.16-1.78), who had previous exposure to PTEs (eg, RR for both disorders: 5.06; 95% CI, 2.99-8.58), or who reported low social support (eg, RR for PTSD, 2.58; 95% CI, 1.94-3.43) had significantly higher risk for depression, PTSD, and comorbidity. PTEs involving prior physical or sexual assault were especially potent risk factors (eg, both disorders: RR, 7.30; 95% CI, 4.30-12.42). Only 685 respondents (34.8%) were ever offered mental health services to assist with water-crisis–related psychiatric symptoms; most (543 [79.3%]) who were offered services utilized them.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cross-sectional study of psychiatric disorder in Flint, Michigan, presumptive depression and PTSD were highly prevalent 5 years after the onset of the water crisis. These findings suggest that public-works environmental disasters have large-scale, long-term psychological sequelae. The Flint community may require expanded mental health services to meet continued psychiatric need. National disaster preparedness and response programs should consider psychiatric outcomes.

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Social Support Moderates Effects of Natural Disaster Exposure on Depression and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms: Effects for Displaced and Nondisplaced Residents

Cited by 116 publications

References 36 publications

Role of social cognition in post‐traumatic stress disorder: A review and meta‐analysis

Role of social cognition in post‐traumatic stress disorder: A review and meta‐analysis

Reuse Choice, Flood Risk and Resilience, and Characteristics of Counties with Brownfield Cleanups

Prevalence of Depression and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Flint, Michigan, 5 Years After the Onset of the Water Crisis

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