Social Support Throughout the Deployment Cycle for Women Veterans Returning From Iraq and Afghanistan

Mankowski, Mariann; Haskell, Sally G.; Brandt, Cynthia; Mattocks, Kristin M.

doi:10.1080/00981389.2014.990130

Cited by 16 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Post-deployment challenges among female veterans include a military–civilian cultural clash related to coping with war time experiences and exposures, feeling alienated from friends and family, and attempting to navigate gender and identity conflicts (Demers, 2013). Although female MSMVs commonly reported the presence of social support, their use of such support was compromised because of the perceived need to protect family and friends from the strain of war, PTSD, and depressive symptoms (Doherty & Scannell-Desch, 2015; Kelly, Berkel, & Nilsson, 2014; Mankowski, Haskell, Brandt, & Mattocks, 2015).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Military service member and veteran reintegration: A critical review and adapted ecological model.

Elnitsky

Blevins

Fisher

et al. 2017

American Journal of Orthopsychiatry

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Returning military service members and veterans (MSMVs) experience a wide range of stress-related disorders in addition to social and occupational difficulties when reintegrating to the community. Facilitating reintegration of MSMVs following deployment is a societal priority. With an objective of identifying challenges and facilitators for reintegration of MSMVs of the current war era, we critically review and identify gaps in the literature. We searched 8 electronic databases and identified 1,764 articles. Screening of abstracts and full-text review based on our inclusion/exclusion criteria, yielded 186 articles for review. Two investigators evaluating relevant articles independently found a lack of clear definition or comprehensive theorizing about MSMV reintegration. To address these gaps, we linked the findings from the literature to provide a unified definition of reintegration and adapted the social ecological systems theory to guide research and practice aimed at MSMV reintegration. Furthermore, we identified individual, interpersonal, community, and societal challenges related to reintegration. The 186 studies published from 2001 (the start of the current war era) to 2015 included 6 experimental studies or clinical trials. Most studies do not adequately account for context or more than a narrow set of potential influences on MSMV reintegration. Little evidence was found that evaluated interventions for health conditions, rehabilitation, and employment, or effective models of integrated delivery systems. We recommend an ecological model of MSMV reintegration to advance research and practice processes and outcomes at 4 levels (individual, interpersonal, organizational, and societal). (PsycINFO Database Record

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Military service member and veteran reintegration: A critical review and adapted ecological model.

Elnitsky

Blevins

Fisher

et al. 2017

American Journal of Orthopsychiatry

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“…Social support provided a protective factor among women, but not among men. Social support has been suggested as a buffering mechanism for other stress-related experiences among women veterans, for example during the postdeployment readjustment period (Mankowski, Haskell, Brandt, & Mattocks, 2015). Although a large percentage of women were single in our study (44%), those who were married/partnered were less likely to be involved in risky sexual behavior.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 50%

Trauma and Sexual Risk: Do Men and Women Veterans Differ?

Combellick

Dziura

Portnoy

et al. 2019

Women's Health Issues

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Trauma has been associated with risky sexual behavior in diverse populations. However, little is known about this association among men and women veterans. This study hypothesized that 1) a history of trauma would be associated with risky sexual behavior among men and women veterans, 2) interpersonal trauma would predict risky sexual behavior among women, whereas noninterpersonal trauma would predict risky sexual behavior among men, and 3) military-related trauma would constitute additional risk. Using data from 567 women and 524 men veterans enrolled at the Veterans Health Administration, this study investigated the association between trauma-related experiences and risky sexual behavior in the last 12 months. Risk and protective factors that have been frequently associated with sexual behavior in previous research were also included in the model. Methods: This study was drawn from the Women Veterans Cohort Study, a national survey of veterans. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed after multiple imputation for missing data. Results: Predictive factors associated with risky sexual behavior differed between men and women veterans. Among women, childhood sexual victimization and intimate partner violence were associated with risky sexual behavior. Among men, binge drinking was the single significant risk factor. Military exposures were not significantly associated with risky sexual behavior in either men or women. Conclusions: This study lays the groundwork for theory-generating research into the psychological underpinnings of noted associations and underscores the importance of integrated health services to address the range of issues affecting sexual behavior and related health outcomes. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of Jacobs Institute of Women's Health. The Women Veterans Cohort Study (WVCS) is supported by the Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration, Health Services Research and Development Project [IIR 12-118]. Joan Combellick had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and accuracy of the data analysis

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“…Fourth, researchers often describe reintegration as a static event or an outcome that can be good or bad (Bolton et al, 2002;Mankowski et al, 2015;Maruna et al, 2004). However, the social-ecological framework indicates that reintegration needs to be considered as a dynamic process where a returning employee interacts with the environment (Bronfenbrenner, 1979;Elnitsky et al, 2017a, b;Lubens and Bruckner, 2018).…”

Section: Reintegrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A concrete example thereof is social support. It has the capability to redefine negative situations, reduce negative emotional reactions and diminish the impact of stress (Cardozo et al, 2012;Geuzinge et al, 2020;Karstoft et al, 2019;Mankowski et al, 2015;McCormack and Joseph, 2012). Lastly, avoidance coping is associated with more significant psychological distress and lower relationship satisfaction (Giff et al, 2020).…”

Section: Reintegrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More specific, this perceived lack of support can cause employees to question their operational value, their achievement and even their professional identity. It is associated with increased rates of PTSD, alcohol misuse, negative emotional functioning, anger and distress (Comoretto et al, 2015;Feldman and Hanlon, 2012;Harvey et al, 2011;Mankowski et al, 2015;McCormack et al, 2016;Newby et al, 2005;Van der Velden et al, 2012).…”

Section: Professional Reintegrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reintegration of crisis services employees: a systematic literature review

Glorieux

Bue

Euwema

2023

JGM

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PurposeCrisis services personnel are frequently deployed around the globe under highly demanding conditions. This raises the need to better understand the deployment process and more especially, sustainable reintegration after deployment. Despite recent research efforts, the study of the post-deployment stage, more specifically the reintegration process, remains fragmented and limited. To address these limitations, this review aims at (1) describing how reintegration is conceptualised and measured in the existing literature, (2) identifying what dimensions are associated with the reintegration process and (3) identifying what we know about the process of reintegration in terms of timing and phases.Design/methodology/approachFollowing the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) protocol, the authors identified 5,859 documents across several scientific databases published between 1995 and 2021. Based on predefined eligibility criteria, 104 documents were yielded.FindingsResearch has primarily focused on descriptive studies of negative individual and interpersonal outcomes after deployment. However, this review indicates that reintegration is dynamic, multi-sector, multidimensional and dual. Each of its phases and dimensions is associated with distinct challenges.Originality/valueTo the authors’ knowledge, this is the first research that investigates reintegration among different crisis services and provides an integrative social-ecological framework that identifies the different dimensions and challenges of this process.

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Social Support Throughout the Deployment Cycle for Women Veterans Returning From Iraq and Afghanistan

Cited by 16 publications

References 25 publications

Military service member and veteran reintegration: A critical review and adapted ecological model.

Military service member and veteran reintegration: A critical review and adapted ecological model.

Trauma and Sexual Risk: Do Men and Women Veterans Differ?

Reintegration of crisis services employees: a systematic literature review

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