This chapter traces the development of the Russian concept of translation and its relationship to practice across four historical periods, each with its own distinct culture of translation, which shaped the texts selected for translation, who translated them, and how they were translated. These cultures are perhaps more sharply defined than in other European cultures due to the fact that they were brought about by dramatic and radical change from the top, such as the reforms of Peter the Great in the early eighteenth century and the Bolshevik Revolution in the early twentieth. The cultures covered extend from Kievan Rus to the reforms of Peter the Great, the long eighteenth century, the long nineteenth century, ending with the Bolshevik Revolution, and the communist and post-communist periods.