Socialization of Spectacled ParrotletsForpus conspicillatus: the role of parents, crèches and sibling groups in nature

Wanker, Ralf; Cruz-Bernate, Lorena; Franck, Dierk

doi:10.1007/bf01661101

Cited by 34 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Although sample size was low and data points for siblings were not independent (some siblings had the same parents) from the results of the recent and former studies in captivity Franck 1988, 1991) and field work (Wanker et al 1996) a qualitative model of the socialization in spectacled parrotlets can be proposed (Fig. 3).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Also in nature singletons have the opportunity to develop affiliative relationships to unrelated like-aged conspecifics (Wanker et al 1996). Several neighbouring breeding pairs guided their recently fledged young into the same tree where they established a crèche.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on field data Wanker et al (1996) suggested that fledglings of the spectacled parrotlet pass through four developmental periods during early socialization:…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies on the social behaviour of captive and freeliving spectacled parrotlets have shown that the members of a clutch establish strong social relationships with one another after fledging Franck 1988, 1991;Wanker et al 1996). The parents decrease their affiliative interactions, such as allopreening, from the second day after fledging onwards.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, socialization within sibling groups seems to be an important component of direct fitness in spectacled parrotlets. In nature singletons have ample opportunities to establish other social relationships, because free-living pairs unite their fledglings for the first 5 WAF in a crèche (Wanker et al 1996;Wanker 1997), that is, "a day nursery for babies" (Rowley 1990). In these crè-ches 8-12 juveniles of at least three families stayed about 5 weeks (Wanker personal observation; Cruz Bernate, personal communication; Wanker et al 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Socialization in spectacled parrotlets (Forpus conspicillatus): how juveniles compensate for the lack of siblings

Wanker

1999

acta ethol

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Socialization, that is, the process of the integration of an individual into the social system and the acquisition of basic social traits, has been studied in a variety of vertebrate species. Deprivation experiments have shown that the lack of early affiliative relationships has negative long-term effects on social behaviour and reproduction. Most studies emphasized the importance of the mother-infant relationship. However, it soon became evident that peer relationships to like-aged conspecifics, such as siblings and unrelated juveniles of nearly the same age, are also important for socialization. Whether individuals, deprived of one of these important social components, are able to compensate for this lack is not known. Here I tested the hypothesis that in spectacled parrotlets (Forpus conspicillatus), singletons (i.e., those that grew up without siblings) were able to compensate for this social lack by establishing and strengthening other relationships. In spectacled parrotlets socialization depends on the formation of long-lasting sibling groups. However, singletons without nest mates are quite common (about 6%), both in captivity and in nature. In this study I analysed the affiliative interactions with other group members of five singletons in comparison to eight siblings, from fledging to the 36th week after fledging, within a group of adult and juvenile conspecifics. In contrast to siblings, the singletons prolonged the relationships with their parents. Then they established a "host sibling group" with other like-aged individuals. All singletons became well integrated into the group and established exclusive pair bonds. It is concluded that juvenile singletons of spectacled parrotlets are able to compensate for the lack of siblings by the development of alternative socialization tactics.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on field data Wanker et al (1996) suggested that fledglings of the spectacled parrotlet pass through four developmental periods during early socialization:…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Socialization in spectacled parrotlets (Forpus conspicillatus): how juveniles compensate for the lack of siblings

Wanker

1999

acta ethol

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Parrot Reproductive Behavior, or Who Associates, Who Mates, and Who Cares

Spoon¹

2006

Manual of Parrot Behavior

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Juvenile Gouldian finches (Erythrura gouldiae) form sibling subgroups during social integration

Kohn

Nugent

Dail

2022

Developmental Psychobiology

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The formation of social relationships in complex groups is critical in shaping patterns of social organization and behavioral development. In many birds, young individuals remain dependent on their parents for extended periods but must abruptly transition to navigating interactions in the wider group after independence. While lack of social relationships during this period is detrimental in the development of later social skills, little is known about the social relationships juveniles form after independence in many bird species. In this study, we describe patterns of social interactions in juvenile Gouldian finches (Erythrura gouldiae) during transitions from family groups into flocks of unfamiliar individuals. Twenty juveniles from four families were introduced into two flocks. After introductions, juveniles showed a gradient of approach rates with most approaches directed toward siblings, followed by juvenile peers, adult females, and lastly adult males. Significant preferences for siblings resulted in the emergence of sibling subgroups within the larger social network. This intentional self-assortment of siblings suggests that sibling subgroups are an important bridge linking social connections within the family and the wider group. Such findings suggests that sibling relationships have a critical role in the socialization after independence, as well as structuring the social organization of Gouldian finch flocks.

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Socialization of Spectacled ParrotletsForpus conspicillatus: the role of parents, crèches and sibling groups in nature

Cited by 34 publications

References 28 publications

Socialization in spectacled parrotlets (Forpus conspicillatus): how juveniles compensate for the lack of siblings

Socialization in spectacled parrotlets (Forpus conspicillatus): how juveniles compensate for the lack of siblings

Parrot Reproductive Behavior, or Who Associates, Who Mates, and Who Cares

Juvenile Gouldian finches (Erythrura gouldiae) form sibling subgroups during social integration

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