Socio-demographic characteristics and the utilization of HIV testing and counselling services among the key populations at the Bhutanese Refugees Camps in Eastern Nepal

Khatoon, Salina; Budhathoki, Shyam Sundar; Bam, Kiran; Thapa, Rajshree; Bhatt, Lokesh Prasad; Basnet, Bidhya; Jha, Nilambar

doi:10.1186/s13104-018-3657-2

Cited by 11 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…27 In agreement with Acharya and Paudel, 23 our study reported that the facilities with external supervision performed better than those without regular supervision and monitoring in improving service readiness. 11 Regular supervision facilitates the management process and improves effectiveness of an organisation. 28 Such supervision allows information sharing and performance review and is pivotal to improving quality of health services, which might explain better performance among those receiving regular supervision.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Availability and readiness to provide sexually transmitted infections and HIV testing and counselling services in Nepal: evidence from comprehensive health facility survey

Acharya¹,

Thapa

Bhattarai

et al. 2020

BMJ Open

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ObjectiveWe assessed the availability and readiness of health facilities to provide sexually transmitted infections (STI) and HIV testing and counselling (HTC) services in Nepal.DesignThis was a cross-sectional study.SettingWe used data from the most recent nationally representative Nepal Health Facility Survey (NHFS) 2015. A total of 963 health facilities were surveyed with 97% response rate.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe primary outcome of this study was to assess the availability and readiness of health facilities to provide STI and HTC services using the WHO Service Availability and Readiness Assessment (SARA) manual.ResultsNearly three-fourths (73.8%) and less than one-tenth (5.9%) of health facilities reported providing STI and HTC services, respectively. The mean readiness score of STI and HTC services was 26.2% and 68.9%, respectively. The readiness scores varied significantly according to the managing authority (private vs public) for both STI and HTC services. Interestingly, health facilities with external supervision had better service readiness scores for STI services that were almost four points higher than compared with those facilities with no external supervision. Regarding HTC services, service readiness was lower at private hospitals (32.9 points lower) compared to government hospitals. Unlike STI services, the readiness of facilities to provide HTC services was higher (4.8 point higher) at facilities which performed quality assurance.ConclusionThe facility readiness for HTC service is higher than that for STI services. There are persistent gaps in staff, guidelines and medicine and commodities across both services. Government of Nepal should focus on ensuring constant supervision and quality assurance, as these were among the determining factors for facility readiness.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Availability and readiness to provide sexually transmitted infections and HIV testing and counselling services in Nepal: evidence from comprehensive health facility survey

Acharya¹,

Thapa

Bhattarai

et al. 2020

BMJ Open

Self Cite

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“…Some of the reported factors that affect HIV testing are age, knowledge, non-use of condom and sociocultural factors such as physical assault, experience of forced sex, stigma and discrimination. [9][10][11] However, either these studies used the previous round of Nepal Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) data set 11 or were limited to certain geographical regions 9 or KPs 10 and lacked population level estimates of HIV testing and its correlates. Therefore, it is imperative to conduct further analysis to explore the utilisation of HTC among the general population with most recent data.…”

Section: Strengths and Limitations Of This Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Few authors in past have examined the correlates of HIV testing in Nepal. Some of the reported factors that affect HIV testing are age, knowledge, non-use of condom and sociocultural factors such as physical assault, experience of forced sex, stigma and discrimination 9–11. However, either these studies used the previous round of Nepal Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) data set11 or were limited to certain geographical regions9 or KPs10 and lacked population level estimates of HIV testing and its correlates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors associated with HIV testing and counselling services among women and men in Nepal: a cross-sectional study using data from a nationally representative survey

Bhattarai

Bam²,

Acharya³

et al. 2021

BMJ Open

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ObjectivesThis study is set up to explore the factors associated with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) testing among women and men in Nepal.Study designNepal Demographic and Health Survey, 2016 adopts a cross-sectional design.SettingNepal.ParticipantsWomen and men of age 15–49 years.Primary outcome measuresOur primary outcome was ever tested for HIV. We used multivariable analysis at a 95% level of significance to measure the effect in outcome variables.ResultsAbout one in 10 women (10.8%) and one in five men (20.5%) ever tested for HIV. Women who had media exposure at least once a week ((adjusted odds ratio (aOR)=2.8; 95% CI: 1.4 to 5.3) were more likely to get tested for HIV compared with those who had no media exposure at all. Similarly, those who had their recent delivery in the health facility (aOR=3.9; 95% CI: 2.4 to 6.3) were more likely to get tests for HIV compared with those delivered elsewhere. Likewise, among men, compared with adolescents (15–19 years), those from older age groups were more likely to get tested for HIV. Compared with no education, secondary (aOR=2.3; 95% CI: 1.4 to 3.6) and higher education (aOR=1.7; 95% CI: 1.0 to 2.8) had higher odds of getting tested for HIV. Similarly, wealth quintiles in richer and richest groups were more likely to get tested for HIV compared with the poorest quintile. Other characteristics like media exposure, paid sex and 2+ sexual partners were positively associated with being tested for HIV.ConclusionsHIV testing is not widespread and more men than women are accessing HIV services. More than two-thirds of women who delivered at health facilities never tested for HIV. It is imperative to reach out to people engaging in risky sexual behaviour, people with lower educational attainment, and those in the lower wealth quintile for achieving 95–95–95 targets by 2030.

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“…[14][15][16] Other factors that contribute to suboptimal HIV testing uptake include limited knowledge of available health services, 17 language barriers in accessing sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services, and often overburdened health systems within humanitarian contexts. 18 For instance, in a recent cross-sectional study 19 of Bhutanese refugees in eastern Nepal, a lack of knowledge about HIV testing services was one of the main reasons for not being tested.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring associations between adolescent sexual and reproductive health stigma and HIV testing awareness and uptake among urban refugee and displaced youth in Kampala, Uganda

Logie

Okumu

Mwima

et al. 2019

Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters

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Uganda, hosting over 1.3 million refugees, is a salient context for exploring HIV testing with urban refugee and displaced youth. We examined associations between stigma (HIV-related and adolescent sexual and reproductive health [SRH]-related) and HIV testing services awareness and HIV testing uptake among urban refugee and displaced youth in Kampala, Uganda. We implemented a cross-sectional survey with refugee and displaced adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) and adolescent boys and young men (ABYM) aged 16-24. We conducted exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis of an adolescent SRH stigma scale and identified a two-factor structure ("Sexual activity & pregnancy stigma","Modern family planning & abortion stigma"). We conducted multivariable logistic regression analysis to determine the adjusted risk ratio for HIV testing services awareness and testing uptake. Among participants (n=445; mean age=19.59, SD=2.60; AGYW: n=333; 74.7%), two-thirds were aware of HIV testing services in their community and over half (56.0%) had received a lifetime HIV test. In adjusted multivariable regression analysis findings with AGYW: (a) higher sexual activity & pregnancy stigma and modern family planning & abortion stigma were associated with reduced odds of HIV testing services awareness, and (b) modern family planning & abortion stigma was associated with reduced lifetime HIV testing odds. Stigma was not associated with HIV testing awareness/uptake among ABYM. HIV testing services awareness among AGYW was lower than among ABYM, yet AGYW were more likely to have been tested and to experience adolescent SRH stigma as a testing barrier. Addressing adolescent SRH stigma may optimise AGYW's HIV testing.

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Socio-demographic characteristics and the utilization of HIV testing and counselling services among the key populations at the Bhutanese Refugees Camps in Eastern Nepal

Cited by 11 publications

References 26 publications

Availability and readiness to provide sexually transmitted infections and HIV testing and counselling services in Nepal: evidence from comprehensive health facility survey

Availability and readiness to provide sexually transmitted infections and HIV testing and counselling services in Nepal: evidence from comprehensive health facility survey

Factors associated with HIV testing and counselling services among women and men in Nepal: a cross-sectional study using data from a nationally representative survey

Exploring associations between adolescent sexual and reproductive health stigma and HIV testing awareness and uptake among urban refugee and displaced youth in Kampala, Uganda

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