Socio-economic determinants of smoking among Iraqi adults: Data from Non-Communicable Risk Factor STEPS survey 2015

Al-Badri, Husham J Abd; Ali, Muna Atallah Khaleefah; Ali, Ali Abdlkader; Sahib, Abbas Jabbar

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0184989

Cited by 16 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…A lower basic education was associated with daily smoking in Russian, and general population men, and unemployment among Kurdish and general population men. Our results on the association of daily smoking and educational level were in line to previous findings from Iraq [ 32 ]. An unsatisfactory economic situation was associated with daily smoking among Somali and Kurdish men.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Specific information about the prevalence rates of alcohol use and smoking in the Kurdistan area or among Kurdish migrants is very limited, but the prevalence of lifetime abstainers from alcohol in Iran and Iraq has been reported to be high [ 28 , 29 ]. The prevalence of daily smoking is similar or higher in men in Eastern Mediterranean Region compared with European countries but much lower in women [ 1 , 26 , 27 , 30 – 32 ]. However, there are also contradictory findings reporting lower rates of daily smoking in Iran and Iraq compared to the European general estimates [ 33 , 34 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The prevalence of substance use among Russian, Somali and Kurdish migrants in Finland: a population-based study

et al. 2018

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BackgroundSubstance use is a well-known public health problem, but population-based research on migrants’ substance use in Europe is limited. Factors related to the cultural background and current life situation might influence substance use among migrants. Here, the prevalence of substance use in Russian, Somali and Kurdish migrants in Finland is reported in comparison with the general population, and the associations between substance use and socio-economic and migration-related background factors among migrants are analysed.MethodsCross-sectional data from the Finnish Migrant Health and Wellbeing Study (Maamu) and comparison group data of the general Finnish population (n = 1165) from the Health 2011 Survey were used. The survey participants were of Russian (n = 702), Somali (n = 512), and Kurdish (n = 632) origin. Substance use included self-reported alcohol use within previous 12 months (AUDIT-C questionnaire), current and lifetime daily smoking and lifetime use of cannabis and intravenous drugs.ResultsBinge drinking was less prevalent among all migrant groups than in the general Finnish population (Russian men 65%, p < 0.01; Russian women 30%, p < 0.01, Somali men 2%, p < 0.01, Kurdish men 27%, p < 0.01, Kurdish women 6%, p < 0.01, general population men 87% and women 72%). Current daily smoking was more prevalent among Russian (28%, p = 0.04) and Kurdish (29%, p < 0.01) migrant men compared with the reference group (20%). Younger age and employment were associated with binge drinking among migrants. Socio-economic disadvantage increased the odds for daily smoking in Russian, Somali and Kurdish migrant men. Several migration-related factors, such as age at migration and language proficiency, were associated with substance use.ConclusionsBinge drinking is less common among migrants than in the Finnish general population. However, current daily smoking was more prevalent among Russian and Kurdish migrant men compared with the general population. Younger age, level of education, employment, duration of residence in Finland and language proficiency were associated with binge drinking and daily smoking with varying patterns of association depending on the migrant group and gender. These findings draw attention to the variation in substance use habits among migrant populations.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The prevalence of substance use among Russian, Somali and Kurdish migrants in Finland: a population-based study

et al. 2018

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“…A national-level study from Saudi Arabia reported no significant differences in smoking prevalence by education level (Moradi-Lakeh et al 2015 ). Employment relationship with smoking prevalence was not significant according to Memon et al ( 2000 ) study in Kuwait as well in other studies (Al-Badri et al 2017 ; Bang and Kim 2001 ; Sheridan et al 2018 ). Single and married participants had the highest smoking prevalence compared with other marital status in this study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 69%

Prevalence of smoking in the Kuwaiti adult population in 2014: a cross-sectional study

Alali

Longenecker

Alwotyan

et al. 2020

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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The study objective was to assess tobacco smoking prevalence in Kuwaiti adults in relation to sociodemographic characteristics. A cross-sectional study survey was conducted in 2014 on 3917 Kuwaiti citizens (18–69 years) following the World Health Organization (WHO) STEPwise Approach to Surveillance (STEPS) methodology. The study assessed prevalence of self-reported ever-smoking or currently smoking tobacco products and exposure to secondhand smoke in relation to demographic and smoking-related characteristics. The prevalence of “ever smoker” in men and women was 49.9% and 4.4%, respectively, whereas the prevalence of “current smoker” was 39.2% and 3.3%, respectively. Sex (adjusted OR [AOR], 19.2 [95% confidence interval (CI) 13.0–28.3], male versus female) was significantly associated with current smoking. Among daily smokers, 87.1% used manufactured cigarettes. The average daily number of manufactured cigarettes for men and women was 21.8 and 13.0, respectively. Mean age at smoking initiation was 17.5 years (95% CI 17.2–17.9). The prevalence of secondhand smoke at home and work was 38.6% and 29.9%, respectively. Half of Kuwaiti men have smoked at some point in their life with most of these being current smokers. Secondhand smoke is a common exposure at home and work, posing serious health risks to the population.

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“…However, this is not the case in several other countries: Mexico and China have lower smoking rates among the poor [ 34 ]. In a study of Iraqi adults, per capita monthly income was not significantly associated with smoking status [ 37 ]. Schaap et al .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The prevalence of and factors associated with urinary cotinine-verified smoking in Korean adults: The 2008–2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

2018

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BackgroundSmoking rate based on self-reporting questionnaire might be underestimated. Cotinine is the principal metabolite of nicotine and is considered an accurate biomarker of exposure to cigarette smoke.ObjectivesThis study evaluated the prevalence of and factors associated with urinary cotinine-verified smoking in Korean adults.MethodsWe analyzed data from 12,110 adults in the 2008–2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), using three threshold levels of urinary cotinine ≥100ng/ml, ≥50ng/ml, and ≥30ng/ml.ResultsThe weighted prevalence of urinary cotinine levels of ≥100, ≥50, and ≥30 ng/mL in the whole study population was 34.7%, 37.1%, and 41.1%, respectively. Male sex, younger age, elementary school graduation, household income in the ≤24th percentile, service and sales workers and assembly workers, and high-risk alcohol drinking were associated with a higher prevalence of urinary cotinine level of ≥ 50 or 30 ng/mL, after we adjusted for age, sex, education level, number of family members, household income, occupation, and alcohol drinking.Logistic regression analyses were performed using the aforementioned variables as covariates to identify factors independently associated with cotinine-verified smoking. Men had a higher risk than women of having a urinary cotinine level of ≥50 ng/mL (OR 4.67, 95% CI 4.09–5.32, p < 0.001). When subjects ages 19–29 years were used as controls, adults ages 30–39 years had a 1.19-fold (CI 1.02–1.39, p = 0.026) higher risk of having a urinary cotinine level of ≥50 ng/mL. College graduates had a 32% lower risk of having a urinary cotinine level of ≥50 ng/mL than elementary school graduates (p < 0.001).A household income in the 25–49th percentile (OR 0.82, 95% CI 0.69–0.98, p = 0.026), 50–74th percentile (OR 0.64, 95% CI 0.53–0.76, p < 0.001), or ≥75th percentile (OR 0.64, 95% CI 0.53–0.77, p < 0.001) was associated with a lower risk of having a urinary cotinine level of ≥50 ng/mL compared to a household income in the ≤24th percentile. High-risk (OR 2.75, 95% CI 2.37–3.18, p < 0.001) and intermediate-risk (OR 2.04, 95% CI 1.82–2.30, p < 0.001) alcohol drinking were associated with having a urinary cotinine level of ≥50 ng/mL compared to low-risk alcohol drinking. Similar to the results of the logistic regression analyses of urinary cotinine ≥50 ng/mL, male sex, younger age, elementary school education, household income in the ≤24th percentile, and high-risk alcohol drinking were significantly associated with having a urinary cotinine level of ≥30 ng/mL. Service and sales workers (OR 1.22, 95% CI 1.01–1.48, p = 0.041) had a significantly higher risk of having a urinary cotinine level of ≥30 ng/mL.ConclusionsBased on a threshold urinary cotinine level of 50 ng/mL, the prevalence of cotinine-verified smoking in a representative sample of Korean adults was 37.1% (men 52.7%, women 15.4%). Younger age, male sex, low education level, service and sales workers, low household income, and high-risk alcohol drinking were associated with the risk of smoking.

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Socio-economic determinants of smoking among Iraqi adults: Data from Non-Communicable Risk Factor STEPS survey 2015

Cited by 16 publications

References 16 publications

The prevalence of substance use among Russian, Somali and Kurdish migrants in Finland: a population-based study

The prevalence of substance use among Russian, Somali and Kurdish migrants in Finland: a population-based study

Prevalence of smoking in the Kuwaiti adult population in 2014: a cross-sectional study

The prevalence of and factors associated with urinary cotinine-verified smoking in Korean adults: The 2008–2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

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