Socio-Epidemiological Evaluation of Tuberculosis and Impact of Pharmaceutical Care on Medication Adherence Among Tuberculosis Patients

Abstract

Objectives: Tobjective of this study is to assess the knowledge and to monitor medication adherence among tuberculosis (TB) patients.Methods: During the 6 months prospective interventional study, a data collection form was designed. The knowledge and adherence levels were assessed using quantified questionnaires. Patients were counseled using patient information leaflets and reassessed during follow-up. Results:Results were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Pearson's correlation. Key findings:Among the 65 patients who completed 3 reviews during 6-month follow-up study, there was a statistically significant improvement in medication adherence score from baseline in correspondence with the increase in knowledge baseline to first follow-up revealed a mean increase in medication adherence level of 2.723±1.625 (p<0.05) in correspondence with a mean increase in knowledge level 24.8±5.04 (p<0.05) which is statistically significant. First follow-up to second follow-up showed a mean increase in medication adherence of 1.400±1.072 (p<0.05) in correspondence with a mean increase in knowledge level 28.32±4.4 (p<0.05) which is statistically significant. Second to third follow-up showed a mean increase in medication adherence of 0.123±0.450 (p<0.05) in correspondence with a mean increase in knowledge level 34.18±2.74 (p<0.05) which is statistically significant. Conclusion:The efforts to improve awareness on TB patients such as providing patient counseling and education could enhance adherence to therapies and thus could improve outcomes and quality of life.

Impact of pharmaceutical care interventions in improving clinical outcomes among patients with pulmonary tuberculosis: a systematic review

“…Thirteen articles were included in this review that reported data on 3,886 patients. Four studies were conducted in USA (Carter et al, 2017 ; Hess et al, 2009 ; Jakeman et al, 2020 ; Tavitian et al, 2003 ), two studies in Brazil (Lara-Júnior et al, 2022 ; Lopes et al, 2017 ) and one study was conducted in each of the following countires: Spain (Juan et al, 2006 ), China (Tang et al, 2018 ), Turkey (Clark et al, 2007 ), Canada (Tang et al, 2018 ), Thailand (Tanvejsilp et al, 2017 ), Indonesia (Karuniawati et al, 2019 ), and India (Thomas et al, 2018 ). There were 10 cohort studies (Carter et al, 2017 ; Hess et al, 2009 ; Jakeman et al, 2020 ; Juan et al, 2006 ; Lara-Júnior et al, 2022 ; Lopes et al, 2017 ; Moadebi et al, 2005 ; Tanvejsilp et al, 2017 ; Tavitian et al, 2003 ; Thomas et al, 2018 ), two RCTs (Clark et al, 2007 ; Tang et al, 2018 ) and 1 quasi-experimental study (Karuniawati et al, 2019 ).…”

“…Four studies were conducted in USA (Carter et al, 2017 ; Hess et al, 2009 ; Jakeman et al, 2020 ; Tavitian et al, 2003 ), two studies in Brazil (Lara-Júnior et al, 2022 ; Lopes et al, 2017 ) and one study was conducted in each of the following countires: Spain (Juan et al, 2006 ), China (Tang et al, 2018 ), Turkey (Clark et al, 2007 ), Canada (Tang et al, 2018 ), Thailand (Tanvejsilp et al, 2017 ), Indonesia (Karuniawati et al, 2019 ), and India (Thomas et al, 2018 ). There were 10 cohort studies (Carter et al, 2017 ; Hess et al, 2009 ; Jakeman et al, 2020 ; Juan et al, 2006 ; Lara-Júnior et al, 2022 ; Lopes et al, 2017 ; Moadebi et al, 2005 ; Tanvejsilp et al, 2017 ; Tavitian et al, 2003 ; Thomas et al, 2018 ), two RCTs (Clark et al, 2007 ; Tang et al, 2018 ) and 1 quasi-experimental study (Karuniawati et al, 2019 ). Six studies had a comparator group (Clark et al, 2007 ; Juan et al, 2006 ; Karuniawati et al, 2019 ; Moadebi et al, 2005 ; Tang et al, 2018 ; Tanvejsilp et al, 2017 ); one study compared pharmacist care to nurse care (Moadebi et al, 2005 ), while three studies compared pharmacist care to usual practice (Clark et al, 2007 ; Hess et al, 2009 ; Tang et al, 2018 ).…”

“…Hess et al and Lara-Junior et al focused on pharmacist roles in patient follow-up, ADR reporting, and adherence (Hess et al, 2009 ; Lara-Júnior et al, 2022 ). Five studies addressed pharmacist-led patient education before hospital discharge, covering TB and treatment in written and verbal formats (Clark et al, 2007 ; Karuniawati et al, 2019 ; Moadebi et al, 2005 ; Tang et al, 2018 ; Thomas et al, 2018 ). Karuniawati's study focussed on patient counselling targeting anti-TB medication adherence (Karuniawati et al, 2019 ).…”

Factors that Facilitate and Hinder the Comprehension of Patient Information Leaflets (PILs): A Brief Scoping Review

“…Unpleasant emotions play an important role in the use of PIL, both for direct users and for minors who are administered the medicinal product by their parents, as anxiety precipitates the decision to ingest or administer the drug without prior consultation with a professional or reading of the PIL ( Afreh et al, 2017 ). The information presented in the leaflets can generate emotions, such as anxiety about ingestion, which can cause a change in the way of taking the drugs (i.e., increasing or decreasing doses, or discontinuing medication, or taking medications that are at home or that have worked for another person in the past without consulting professionals) ( Thomas et al, 2018 ). Reading the leaflet can reduce the drug intake due to increased knowledge regarding side effects ( Schmitz et al, 2017 ).…”

“…However, in terms of PILs’ general public acceptance, results are not homogeneous. PILs are perceived as useful, but they can also generate adverse emotional reactions ( Herber et al, 2014 ; Afreh et al, 2017 ; Thomas et al, 2018 ). In addition, the PILs in the current market are considerably illegible ( Rajasundaram et al, 2006 ; Symonds et al, 2011 ; Brooke et al, 2013 ; Spinillo, 2014 ; Bennin and Rother, 2015 ; Clausen et al, 2016 ; Alaqeel and al Obaidi, 2017 ; Haller et al, 2019 ; Zidarič and Kreft, 2019 ), impractical to use ( Sukkari et al, 2012 ), and can generate emotional discomfort and confusion due to their format.…”