Socio-Structural Barriers, Protective Factors, and HIV Risk Among Central-Asian Female Migrants in Moscow

Zabrocki, Christopher; Weine, Stevan; Chen, Stephanie; Brajkovic, Ivana; Bahromov, Mahbat; Loue, Sana; Jonbekov, Jonbek; Shoakova, Farzona

doi:10.5195/cajgh.2013.31

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…It is in the economic interest of both the Tajikistani and Russian governments to ensure the health and wellbeing of Tajik migrant workers. As barriers to legal residency status are ample [36,37] the Russian government should take appropriate legal action to ensure the ability of Tajik workers to obtain legal work permits. A legal working status allows migrant laborers to have greater access to the state healthcare system and has also been shown to reduce occurrences of racial discrimination against Central Asian migrants, which often act as a barrier in accessing healthcare (ibid).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Instances of informal racism transcend any legal and social protections imposed on migrant laborers by the Russian state. Although informal racism has been recorded to occur less in instances of legal working status [10,36], Central Asian labor migrants continue to report a high occurrence of racialized harassment and prejudice in and outside their work environment (ibid). Socio-structural barriers, created by discrimination, act as deterrents in accessing preventative HIV measures and are linked to increased HIV risk among migrant laborers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Socio-structural barriers, created by discrimination, act as deterrents in accessing preventative HIV measures and are linked to increased HIV risk among migrant laborers. The Russian government will have to address the broader cultural, social and political factors associated with informal racism to remove the socio-structural barriers related to increased HIV risk [36].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Association between time spent in the Russian Federation and late presentation for HIV among Tajikistani migrants

et al. 2020

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Background Between 700 thousand and 1.2 million citizens of Tajikistan currently live in the Russian Federation, one of the only countries where the HIV epidemic continues to worsen. Given the previously reported barriers to healthcare access for migrants to the Russian Federation, and the rapidly expanding HIV epidemic in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, this present study set out to determine whether these barriers impact late presentation with HIV among Tajikistani migrants upon their return to Tajikistan. Method This study uses data from the Tajikistan Ministry of Health surveillance system (2006 – 2019). At time of diagnosis, patients are interviewed by staff of AIDS centers, and doctors complete routine intake forms and complete medical exams. Descriptive characteristics of migrants with HIV who had lived in the Russian Federation (n=503) were calculated and compared with those of non-migrants with HIV (n=9519). Missing data were imputed using multiple imputation (predictive means matching, logistic regression imputation, and polytomous regression imputation). Two logistic models were created to model the probability of late presentation for HIV. The first model shows unadjusted associations between predictor variables and late presentation for HIV. The second model shows multivariable associations between significant study variables identified in the univariate model, and late presentation. Results Compared to non-migrants, migrants with HIV are more likely to be from Gorno-Badakhshan region, are less likely to use illicit drugs, and are more likely to have purchased the services of sex workers. The unadjusted logistic model found that for every year spent in the Russian Federation, the risk of late presentation for a Tajikistani migrant with HIV increases by 4.0% (95% CI: 0.3-7.7). The multivariate model showed that when age, sex, and region of origin are held constant, the risk of late presentation for a Tajikistani migrant with HIV increases by 4.0% (95% CI: 0.1-7.8) for each year spent in the Russian Federation. Conclusion The results of this paper suggest that if the Russian Federation were to loosen its restrictions on HIV care for foreign nationals, it might improve the treatment outcomes of migrant laborers. As this analysis is only correlational in nature, further research is needed to explicate the causal pathways of the associations found in the present analysis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Association between time spent in the Russian Federation and late presentation for HIV among Tajikistani migrants

et al. 2020

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“…The positive association between rural area and comprehensive HIV knowledge can be linked to high levels of labor migration among rural dwellers. Experts have already raised alarms about the growing numbers of HIV infections among labor migrants, and growing risk for HIV transmission to their home countries 26…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparison of Comprehensive HIV/AIDS Knowledge Among Women Across Seven Post-Soviet Countries

Zainiddinov

Habibov

2018

cajgh

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Introduction: Post-Soviet countries of Eastern Europe and Central Asia have witnessed a recent growth of HIV infection through heterosexual transmission. Women's low levels of knowledge about HIV prevention and transmission methods have been found to account for the higher female-to-male ratio among cases infected through the heterosexual route. This cross national comparison study assessed comprehensive HIV/AIDS knowledge and its key determinants among women of seven post-Soviet countries and identified which countries face the highest levels of risk due to the low levels of HIV/AIDS awareness. Methods: Study data were obtained from the third wave of the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS3) (conducted in 2005 and 2006), nationally representative samples of women aged 15-49 years. Data on HIV/AIDS knowledge were analyzed for women in Kazakhstan (N=14,310), Kyrgyzstan (N=6,493), Tajikistan (N=4,676), Uzbekistan (N=13,376), Belarus (N=5,884), Ukraine (N=6,066), and Georgia (N=7,727) using descriptive statistics and ordinary least squares (OLS) regressions. Results: We found that the percentage of women who could correctly identify all five modes of HIV/AIDS transmission and prevention was highest in Eastern European countries of Belarus (34.98%) and Ukraine (31.67%). Across all countries, the strongest predictors of comprehensive HIV/AIDS knowledge were age, education, and region of residence. Marital status, area of residence (urban vs. rural), and household wealth were significant predictors for several countries. Conclusion: High rates of comprehensive HIV/AIDS knowledge were found among women of Belarus and Ukraine. To reduce the spread of HIV in the region, programs promoting comprehensive HIV/AIDS knowledge for women of younger ages and with lower education are recommended.

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“…In particular, male Tajik injecting drug users did not have adequate knowledge about HIV risk through needle-borne infection, had little or no access to formal health service, and were at risk for social marginalization from both Russian society and their own Tajik migrant community [55]. Female migrants from Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan reported difficulties with acquiring documents for legal status, financial insecurity, discrimination, and sexual harassment, all of which are barriers to HIV prevention [56]. For men who have sex with men from different countries, including the former Soviet Union countries, key risk factors included activity in Moscow sex work, high numbers of partners, inconsistent condom use, avoidance of HIV testing or purchasing false results, as well as the stigma and violence related to homophobia [54].…”

Section: Hiv/aids and Syphilismentioning

confidence: 99%

Health of refugees and migrants from former Soviet Union countries in the Russian Federation: a narrative review

Bakunina

Gil

Polushkin³

et al. 2020

Int J Equity Health

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This narrative review was conducted to synthesize and summarize available up-to-date evidence on current health status, including both non-communicable diseases and infectious diseases, of migrants and refugees from the former Soviet Union countries in the Russian Federation. Epidemiological and sociological studies with one or more determinants of the health, as well as relevant qualitative studies characterizing risk factors, well-being indicators, and lifestyles of migrants and refugees from the former Soviet Union countries in Russia published from 2004 to 2019 in Russian and English languages were included in the review. Despite significant limitations of the available research literature in the field, some patterns in migrants’ health in Russia and issues that need to be addressed were identified. In particular, the syndemic epidemics of communicable and non-communicable diseases, additively increasing negative health consequences, including cardiovascular diseases and chronic digestive system diseases, high rates of sexually transmitted infections and HIV, respiratory diseases and a growing percentage of new tuberculosis cases among migrants from the former Soviet Union countries are all of great concern. Possibly, the burden of these co-occurring morbidities is linked to commonly reported issues among this population group, such as poor nutrition and living conditions, high prevalence of unskilled manual labour, non-compliance with sanitary norms, lack of basic vaccinations, lack of basic knowledge about safe sexual practices and risky sexual behaviour, low healthcare seeking behaviour and limited access to health care. Importantly, these findings may urge the government to increase efforts and promote international collaboration in combating the threat of infectious diseases. Additionally, it was found that migrants had higher levels of anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder, and those who stayed in the receiving country 5 years or more had a higher level of somatic pathology than those whose stay was less than 5 years. In order to ensure an adequate health system response and fulfil the main Universal Health Coverage principle of “leaving no one behind”, a robust monitoring system of the health status of refugees and migrants and an integrated legal framework for the standardized and more inclusive routine care for this population in Russia is urgently needed.

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Socio-Structural Barriers, Protective Factors, and HIV Risk Among Central-Asian Female Migrants in Moscow

Cited by 8 publications

References 29 publications

Association between time spent in the Russian Federation and late presentation for HIV among Tajikistani migrants

Association between time spent in the Russian Federation and late presentation for HIV among Tajikistani migrants

A Comparison of Comprehensive HIV/AIDS Knowledge Among Women Across Seven Post-Soviet Countries

Health of refugees and migrants from former Soviet Union countries in the Russian Federation: a narrative review

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