Sociocultural factors contributing to waterpipe tobacco smoking among adolescents and young adult women: a qualitative study in Iran

Makvandi, Zeinab; Mostafavi, Firoozeh; Bashirian, Saeed; Zamani‐Alavijeh, Fereshteh; Kelishadi, Roya

doi:10.1080/17482631.2020.1857043

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…This could be another important reason why the results of this study are not in line with some previous studies that were conducted during a time, when Rial (Iranian currency) was enjoying its high value and WTS may have been more affordable for lower SES as high SES. Finally, it should be noted that hookah often is offered in expensive and luxury cafes in Iran and is considered a kind of luxury entertainment [ 49 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Socioeconomic and environmental factors associated with waterpipe tobacco smoking among Iranian adults: a PERSIAN cohort-based cross-sectional study

et al. 2023

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Background Waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS) is associated with several deleterious health outcomes. We sought to estimate the prevalence of WTS and explore socioeconomic inequalities associated with this culturally-rooted tobacco smoking practice among Iranian adults. Methods A cross-sectional analysis was conducted among 20,460 adults (ages 18 and older) enrolled in the PERSIAN cohort study during 2020. Data were collected on socioeconomic status (SES), lifestyle, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, and several risk factors related to non-communicable diseases. The concentration curve and relative concentration index (RCI) were administered to assess and quantify the SES-based inequality in WTS. Results Overall age-adjusted prevalence of past-month WTS was 5.1% (95%CI:4.6–5.8), with about 1% for women and 10.6 for men. Age-adjusted prevalence of WTS was higher among younger adults, men, cigarette smokers, obese adults, and those with higher SES. The RCI estimation showed that WTS is more popular among adults with high income and education. WTS was higher among younger adults, cigarette smokers, obese adults, and those with higher SES. Conclusion There is a clear socioeconomic inequality in WTS, with a higher prevalence among adults with higher income and education. The findings suggest the need for targeted interventions to address this inequality and reduce the prevalence of WTS among high-income communities.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Socioeconomic and environmental factors associated with waterpipe tobacco smoking among Iranian adults: a PERSIAN cohort-based cross-sectional study

et al. 2023

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“…The higher prevalence of the HTS poses risks to women's health. [ 10 ] Women with the HTS are more susceptible to cervical cancer, changes in menstrual function, premature menopause, primary and secondary infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and maternal and fetal risks during pregnancy. [ 11 12 ] Because sometimes these concerns increase among young women (15–24 years) when there is a high probability of the HTS among this age group.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychometric evaluation of a new instrument to hookah tobacco smoking-related factors in the Iranian female university students based on the Extended Parallel Process Model

Zamani-Alavijeh,

Heidari,

Mostafavi

et al. 2024

Journal of Education and Health Promotion

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BACKGROUND: The higher prevalence of hookah tobacco smoking (HTS) has become worrisome in women. Thus, it is essential to identify and measure the perceptions associated with this unhealthy behavior as well as the type of response to risk messages to design the effective programs. This study aimed to psychometric evaluation of a new instrument, named the Extended Parallel Process Model-Hookah Tobacco Smoking Questionnaire (EPPM-HTSQ), for female university students. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This methodological study was conducted in 2019–2020 in central and western Iran. The first version of the instrument was developed with 97 items. Face, Content, and construct validity methods were used to assess the EPPM-HTSQ validity. The data viability for factorability was guided through Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure of sample adequacy (Values >0.7) and Bartlett’s test of Sphericity (P < 0.05). The Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) method with varimax rotation and SPSS software was performed to identify the main factors of the questionnaire and interpretable factors. The internal consistency and external reliability were determined. The test–retest was used for evaluating the stability of tools. RESULTS: During the assessment of the face and content validity 71 items remained in the questionnaire. EFA led to the extraction of nine dimensions: “Focusing on superior rewards,” “Response Efficacy,” “Perceived physical threat,” “Perceived social threat,” “Self-efficacy,” “Fear control,” “Attitude,” “Fear,” and “Intention” Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) test (0.957) and Bartlett’s test (P < 0.001). Cronbach’s alpha (0.871–0.951) and ICC (0.985–0.998) were approved for scale dimensions. CONCLUSION: Important findings of the present study were the development and validation of the EPPM-HTSQ for measuring EPPM variables in relation to HTS; introducing a new variable “focusing on superior rewards”; as well as, the new classification of the concept of “perceived threat.” The final version of the EPPM-HTSQ is a valid and reliable tool, but it is suggested to be re-evaluated in other studies with different populations and sample sizes.

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“…According to the World Health Organization (WHO), in 2023 tobacco smoking will be responsible for approximately 8.3 million deaths worldwide, with a significant impact observed in less-developed countries ( 1 , 2 ). Waterpipe smoking, a traditional method of tobacco smoking originating from Southwest Asia and North Africa, has been increasing globally at a remarkable pace ( 3 ), particularly among young individuals ( 4 – 6 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this tobacco smoking method, known by many names such as hookah, shisha, narghile, hubble-bubble, and Kalyan in different cultures and countries, tobacco smoke passes through water, often infused with sweet and fruit flavors ( 1 ). Contrary to popular misconception that waterpipe smoking is less harmful than cigarette smoking, it contains several toxic chemicals and poses several health risks ( 13 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The mixture contains more than 40 carcinogenic substances and metals like arsenic, cobalt, chromium, and lead ( 4 , 14 ). Waterpipe smoking may lead to many health consequences such as lung and oral cancer, respiratory and coronary disorders ( 14 , 15 ), low birth weight, sexual hormone disorders, and reproductive problems, particularly in women ( 1 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determinants of waterpipe smoking in Iranian adults: results from the IROPICAN study

Seyyedsalehi,

Shah,

Rashidian

et al. 2023

Front. Psychiatry

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IntroductionWaterpipe smoking has become increasingly popular in Western countries, particularly among young individuals. This study aims to identify the factors influencing waterpipe smoking by focusing on consumption patterns.MethodsWe utilized data from a multicenter case–control study (IROPICAN) conducted in Iran. Multivariate logistic regression estimated the adjusted odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals as a measure of association between waterpipe smoking and different factors.ResultsAmong 3,477 subjects were included, 11.8% were waterpipe smokers. Most of <50 years old smokers were occasional (80%), while daily smokers were often >50 years (85%). Around 59% of occasional users started it before 30 years old. Low education, low SES, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, secondhand smoke exposure, and opium use were associated with waterpipe smoking. Stratified analysis by frequency pattern showed an association between occasional smoking with age 0.97 (0.96–0.98), university degree 0.36 (0.17–0.76), urban dwellers 1.40 (1.06–1.86) and between high SES and daily smoking 0.34 (0.17–0.69).ConclusionOur results offer valuable information to policymakers for developing waterpipe smoking control measures. The occasional waterpipe smoking results may be generalized to the younger people in Western countries.

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Sociocultural factors contributing to waterpipe tobacco smoking among adolescents and young adult women: a qualitative study in Iran

Cited by 9 publications

References 43 publications

Socioeconomic and environmental factors associated with waterpipe tobacco smoking among Iranian adults: a PERSIAN cohort-based cross-sectional study

Socioeconomic and environmental factors associated with waterpipe tobacco smoking among Iranian adults: a PERSIAN cohort-based cross-sectional study

Psychometric evaluation of a new instrument to hookah tobacco smoking-related factors in the Iranian female university students based on the Extended Parallel Process Model

Determinants of waterpipe smoking in Iranian adults: results from the IROPICAN study

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