Sociodemographic inequalities in vegetables, fruits, and animal source foods consumption in children aged 6–23 months from 91 LMIC

Ricardo, Luiza Isnardi Cardoso; Gatica-Domínguez, Giovanna; Neves, Paulo Augusto Ribeiro; Vaz, Juliana dos Santos; Barros, Aluísio J. D.; Wehrmeister, Fernando C.

doi:10.3389/fnut.2023.1046686

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…By 24 months of age, the average consumption of ASF ranged from 20% to 34% for all sites combined. Our findings matched previous research reporting that consumption of ASF, especially flesh foods and eggs, were low globally for children of complementary feeding age (Krebs et al, 2011 ; Ricardo et al, 2023 ). When we combined the ASF groups (meat, fish, insects; eggs; milk and dairy) and examined the relationship with LAZ, we observed a positive association at 24 months (Table 2 ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…By 24 months, the consumption was over 90%, consistent with the community's heavy reliance on cassava leaves and other dark leafy greens and recipes with red palm oil, all of which contribute to vitamin‐A intake (Lander et al, 2019 ). The findings that India had the greatest increase in the number of food groups eaten from 6 to 24 months but flesh foods and eggs remained below 50%, and that Guatemala had the highest intakes of flesh foods and eggs by 24 months of age support previous national survey findings (Ricardo et al, 2023 ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

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Infant and young child feeding indicators are positively associated with length and family care indicators in the children of the Women First trial participants

Long,

Gatica‐Domínguez,

Westcott

et al. 2023

Maternal & Child Nutrition

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This research describes the proportion of children in four low‐ and middle‐income countries with adequate dietary practices at 6, 12, 18 and 24 months of age and how these practices changed over time using the World Health Organisation and UNICEF's infant young child feeding (IYCF) indicators. The associations between the IYCF indicators and anthropometric z‐scores from 6 to 24 months, and between the IYCF indicators and the family care indicators (FCIs) at 24 months are described. This was a longitudinal study of offspring from participants in the Women First Preconception Maternal Nutrition Trial conducted in Sud‐Ubangi, Democratic Republic of Congo; Chimaltenango, Guatemala; Belagavi, North Karnataka, India; and Thatta, Sindh Province, Pakistan. The frequency of the minimum dietary diversity (MDD), minimum meal frequency (MMF), and minimum adequate diet (MAD) increased between 6 and 24 months, but even at 24 months MAD remained below 50% at all sites. MDD (β = 0.12; 95% CI = 0.04−0.22) and MMF (β = 0.10; 95% CI = 0.03−0.17) were positively associated with length‐for‐age z‐score at 24 months. All IYCF indicators were positively associated with mean total FCI score: MDD (proportion ratio [PR] = 1.04; 95% CI = 1.02−1.07), MMF (PR = 1.02; 95% CI = 1.01−1.04), MAD (PR = 1.05; 95% CI = 1.02−1.08). Although there are multiple barriers to young children having an adequate diet, our results support a positive association between familial interactions and improved IYCF feeding practices.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Infant and young child feeding indicators are positively associated with length and family care indicators in the children of the Women First trial participants

Long,

Gatica‐Domínguez,

Westcott

et al. 2023

Maternal & Child Nutrition

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“…More recently a multi-country study on vegetable and fruit consumption among children 6–23 months reported an overall prevalence of zero fruit or vegetable consumption in low-income and lower-middle-income countries of 45%. The study found that vegetable and fruit consumption was higher in wealthier countries and that overall poorer and rural children consumed less fruits and vegetables than their counterparts [ 18 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimates and trends of zero vegetable or fruit consumption among children aged 6–23 months in 64 countries

Allen

Assaf

Namasté

et al. 2023

PLOS Glob Public Health

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Children require a diverse diet, that includes vegetables and fruits, to support growth and development and prevent non-communicable diseases. The WHO-UNICEF established a new infant and young child feeding (IYCF) indicator: zero vegetable or fruit (ZVF) consumption among children aged 6–23 months. We estimated the prevalence, trends, and factors associated with ZVF consumption using nationally representative, cross-sectional data on child health and nutrition in low-and-middle-income countries. We examined 125 Demographic and Health Surveys in 64 countries conducted between 2006–2020 with data on whether a child ate vegetables or fruits the previous day. Prevalence of ZVF consumption was calculated by country, region, and globally. Country trends were estimated and tested for statistical significance (p<0.05). Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between ZVF and child, mother, household, and survey cluster characteristics by world region and globally. Using a pooled estimate of the most recent survey available in each country, we estimate the global prevalence of ZVF consumption as 45.7%, with the highest prevalence in West and Central Africa (56.1%) and the lowest in Latin America and the Caribbean (34.5%). Recent trends in ZVF consumption varied by country (16 decreasing, eight increasing, 14 no change). Country trends in ZVF consumption represented diverse patterns of food consumption over time and may be affected by the timing of surveys. Children from wealthier households and children of mothers who are employed, more educated, and have access to media were less likely to consume ZVF. We find the prevalence of children aged 6–23 months who do not consume any vegetables or fruits is high and is associated with wealth and characteristics of the mother. Areas for future research include generating evidence from low-and-middle-income countries on effective interventions and translating strategies from other contexts to improve vegetable and fruit consumption among young children.

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“…In contexts of socio-economic inequalities, the use of these indicators could be crucial, considering the immense threat that these extreme conditions may represent to ideal feeding practices (18)(19)(20)(21)(22) . This inability to provide adequate nutrition to small children (6-23•9 months) has a direct impact on their micronutrient status and growth (15) .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Time trends and social inequalities in infant and young child feeding practices: national estimates from Brazil’s Food and Nutrition Surveillance System, 2008–2019

Souza

Silva

Felisbino-Mendes

et al. 2023

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: To describe the time trends and socioeconomic inequalities in infant and young child feeding practices in accordance with the Brazilian deprivation index (BDI). Design: This time-series study analysed the prevalence of multiple breastfeeding and complementary feeding indicators based on data from the Brazilian Food and Nutrition Surveillance System, 2008–2019. Prais-Winsten regression models were used to analyse time trends. Annual percent change (APC) and 95% Confidence Intervals were calculated. Setting: Primary health care services, Brazil. Participants: 911,735 Brazilian children under two years old. Results: Breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices differed between the extreme BDI quintiles. Overall, the results were more favourable in the municipalities with less deprivation (Q1). Improvements in some complementary feeding indicators were observed over time and evidenced such disparities: minimum dietary diversity (Q1: Δ 47.8% - 52.2%, APC +1.44, p=0.006), minimum acceptable diet (Q1: Δ 34.5% - 40.5%, APC +5.17, p=0.004), and consumption of meat and/or eggs (Q1: Δ 59.7% - 80.3%, APC +6.26, p<0.001; and Q5: Δ 65.7% - 70.7%, APC +2.20, p=0.041). Stable trends in exclusive breastfeeding and decreasing trends in the consumption of sweetened drinks and ultra-processed foods were also observed regardless the level of the deprivation. Conclusions: Improvements in some complementary food indicators were observed over time. However, the improvements were not equally distributed among the BDI quintiles, with children from the municipalities with less deprivation benefiting the most.

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Sociodemographic inequalities in vegetables, fruits, and animal source foods consumption in children aged 6–23 months from 91 LMIC

Cited by 7 publications

References 20 publications

Infant and young child feeding indicators are positively associated with length and family care indicators in the children of the Women First trial participants

Infant and young child feeding indicators are positively associated with length and family care indicators in the children of the Women First trial participants

Estimates and trends of zero vegetable or fruit consumption among children aged 6–23 months in 64 countries

Time trends and social inequalities in infant and young child feeding practices: national estimates from Brazil’s Food and Nutrition Surveillance System, 2008–2019

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