Sociodemographic inequality in exposure to COVID-19-induced economic hardship in the United Kingdom

Witteveen, Dirk

doi:10.1016/j.rssm.2020.100551

Cited by 76 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Our sample contains 295 prefecture (and above) cities in China 7 . We collect quarterly city-level income data from CEIC database, including overall disposable income per capita, disposable income per capita for urban households, and disposable income per capita for rural residents 8 . Table 3 reports average disposable income per capita in each quarter of 2019 and 2020.…”

Section: Data and Samplementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some cities are not included in the sample as the data are not available. 8 CEIC complies the data of disposable income per capita from Municipal Bureau of Statistics in each city. 9 Per capita disposable incomes are normally highest in the first quarter of each year as residents could receive extra salary and bonus before Chinese New Year.…”

Section: Data and Samplementioning

confidence: 99%

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COVID-19 and Regional Income Inequality in China

Shen

Shum

Cheong

et al. 2021

Front. Public Health

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This study investigates the impact of COVID-19 and social distancing policies on regional income inequality. We base our study on a sample of 295 prefecture (and above) cities in 31 provinces in China. A distribution dynamics approach is employed to reveal the trend and movement of disposable income per capita in each city before the COVID-19 pandemic, during the COVID-19 pandemic, and in the period when the COVID-19 was under the control. The findings reveal significant negative economic consequences of the COVID-19 in the first quarter of 2020 and show that most cities will converge to a level of disposable income which is much less than the Pre-COVID level if the COVID pandemic persists. Regional income inequality has intensified in the cities that have a longer duration of stringent social distancing policies during the COVID-19 pandemic and disappeared in the cities with policies of short duration. Disposable income per capita for urban residents recovered quickly when the transmission of coronavirus was effectively contained; and yet the impact of the pandemic on rural residents remains unresolved, if not intensified. This study demonstrates a significant divergence of the trend of disposable income across cities with different durations of social distancing policies and between urban and rural residents. It also highlights the importance of stringent social distancing policies in containing the spread of virus in a short time and calls for special policy attention for rural regions in the recovery from the COVID-19.

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Section: Data and Samplementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Data and Samplementioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 and Regional Income Inequality in China

Shen

Shum

Cheong

et al. 2021

Front. Public Health

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“…The little we do know is alarming. Evidence out of Europe suggests that job losses and economic hardship have disproportionately affected the less educated and those in the lower income strata ( 14 , 15 ). Similarly, a microeconomic model of Americans living in the San Francisco Bay area estimated significant increases in the poverty rate, with the lowest income earners more severely affected in relative terms ( 16 ).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Pandemic precarity: COVID-19 is exposing and exacerbating inequalities in the American heartland

Perry

Aronson

Pescosolido

2021

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

279

229

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Crises lay bare the social fault lines of society. In the United States, race, gender, age, and education have affected vulnerability to COVID-19 infection. Yet, consequences likely extend far beyond morbidity and mortality. Temporarily closing the economy sent shock waves through communities, raising the possibility that social inequities, preexisting and current, have weakened economic resiliency and reinforced disadvantage, especially among groups most devastated by the Great Recession. We address pandemic precarity, or risk for material and financial insecurity, in Indiana, where manufacturing loss is high, metro areas ranked among the hardest hit by the Great Recession nationally, and health indicators stand in the bottom quintile. Using longitudinal data (n = 994) from the Person to Person Health Interview Study, fielded in 2019–2020 and again during Indiana’s initial stay-at-home order, we provide a representative, probability-based assessment of adverse economic outcomes of the pandemic. Survey-weighted multivariate regressions, controlling for preexisting inequality, find Black adults over 3 times as likely as Whites to report food insecurity, being laid off, or being unemployed. Residents without a college degree are twice as likely to report food insecurity (compared to some college), while those not completing high school (compared to bachelor’s degree) are 4 times as likely to do so. Younger adults and women were also more likely to report economic hardships. Together, the results support contentions of a Matthew Effect, where pandemic precarity disproportionately affects historically disadvantaged groups, widening inequality. Strategically deployed relief efforts and longer-term policy reforms are needed to challenge the perennial and unequal impact of disasters.

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“…This study only examined racial disparities in SARS-CoV-2 infection rates in the US at the county level. Although the racial disparity in infection rates in the United States might be a good example for countries with diverse racial populations 6,9,106 , we suggest that this research should be replicated in other countries, to fully determine the complex issue of racial disparity in infection rates in relation to environmental exposure and pandemic dynamics.…”

Section: Limitations and Opportunities For Future Researchmentioning

confidence: 92%

A higher ratio of green spaces means a lower racial disparity in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection rates: A nationwide study of the United States

Lü

Chen

Liu

et al. 2020

Preprint

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There is striking racial disparity in the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection rates in the United States. We hypothesize that the disparity is significantly smaller in areas with a higher ratio of green spaces at the county level. This study used the 135 most urbanized counties across the United States as sample sites. County level data on the SARS-CoV-2 infection rates of black and white individuals in each county were collected. The ratio of green spaces by land-cover type at the county level was calculated from satellite imagery. An ecological hierarchical regression analysis measured cross-sectional associations between racial disparity in infection rates and green spaces, after controlling for socioeconomic, demographic, pre-existing chronic disease, and built-up area factors. We found significantly higher infection rate among black individuals compared to white individuals. More importantly, a higher ratio of green spaces at the county level is significantly associated with a lower racial disparity in the SARS-CoV-2 infection rate. Further, we identified four green space factors that have significant negative associations with the racial disparity in SARS-CoV-2 infection rates, including open space in developed areas, forest, shrub and scrub, and grassland and herbaceous. We suggest that green spaces are an equalizing salutogenic factor, modifying infection exposure.HighlightsThe first study to identify significant relationships between green spaces and the racial disparity of SARS-CoV-2 infection rates.A nationwide study of the 135 most urbanized counties of the United States.A within-subject study: The black-white racial disparity of SARS-CoV-2 infection rates was measured within each county.A higher ratio of green spaces in a county is associated with a lower racial disparity of SARS-CoV-2 infection rates after controlling for socio-economic, demographic, pre-existing chronic disease, and built-up area factors.Four green space factors are significantly associated with a lower racial disparity of SARS-CoV-2 infection rates.

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Sociodemographic inequality in exposure to COVID-19-induced economic hardship in the United Kingdom

Cited by 76 publications

References 6 publications

COVID-19 and Regional Income Inequality in China

COVID-19 and Regional Income Inequality in China

Pandemic precarity: COVID-19 is exposing and exacerbating inequalities in the American heartland

A higher ratio of green spaces means a lower racial disparity in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection rates: A nationwide study of the United States

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