Socioeconomic Factors Affecting Water Access in Rural Areas of Low and Middle Income Countries

Gómez, Mabel Sanabria; Perdiguero, Jordi; Sanz, Àlex

doi:10.3390/w11020202

Cited by 84 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The conditions that people live in affect their access to clean water and proper sanitation. Despite the variable contexts in different countries, the common predictors of access to clean water and sanitation are income, education and geographical location [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ]. The presence of a female head in an African household was associated with better access to clean water as women played a traditional role in fetching water for the household [ 9 , 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Socio-Economic Factors Related to Drinking Water Source and Sanitation in Malaysia

Kong

Anis-Syakira

Fun

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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Access to improved water and sanitation is essential. We describe these practices in Malaysia using data from a nationwide community survey and used logistic regression to assess the determinants. Of the 7978 living quarters (LQs), 58.3% were in urban areas. About 2.4%, 0.5% and 27.4% of LQs had non-improved water sources, non-improved toilet types and improper domestic waste disposal, respectively. Open burning was practiced by 26.1%. Water source was a problem for long houses (10.5%), squatters (8.5%) and shared houses (4.0%). Non-improved toilet types were 11.9% for squatters and 4.8% for shared houses. Improper domestic waste disposal practices were higher for occupants of village houses (64.2%), long houses (54.4%), single houses (45.8%) and squatters (35.6%). An increase in education or income level was associated with a decrease in improper domestic waste disposal methods. House type significantly affected water and sanitation after adjusting for the effects of other variables. Lower household income was associated with non-improved toilet types and improper domestic waste disposal. Lower education and rural location influenced domestic waste disposal. The water and toilet facilities in Malaysia were generally good, while domestic waste management practices could be improved. There remain pockets of communities with environmental challenges for the nation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Socio-Economic Factors Related to Drinking Water Source and Sanitation in Malaysia

Kong

Anis-Syakira

Fun

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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“…These interrelationships can also be seen at the macro-level. For instance, a study on the specific socioeconomic factors that affect access to improved water sources in the rural areas of developing countries, found that female primary school completion rate (and other variables, including gross national income and agriculture) were related to water access, demonstrating the complex interrelationship between access to improved water supplies, and gender [5].While some research has been conducted on the drivers of privately owned, small piped-water schemes in the Asia and the Pacific, there is little evidence specifically focused on Cambodia. In Cambodia, small-scale piped-water systems delivered by enterprises are connected directly to people's houses or near their house, and fitted with a water meter.…”

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Rural Piped-Water Enterprises in Cambodia: A Pathway to Women’s Empowerment?

Grant

Soeters

Bunthoeun

et al. 2019

Water

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This research examined the extent to which women's ownership and management of water supply schemes led to their empowerment, including their economic empowerment, in rural Cambodia. Privately managed water supply schemes in rural Cambodia serve over one million people. This study is the first of its kind to systematically investigate the experiences and needs of female water supply scheme owners, using well-established theoretical frameworks for women's empowerment, namely Longwe's stages of empowerment, and Rowlands, VeneKlasen and Miller's elaboration on different types of power. Business management frameworks relevant to the water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) sector were also drawn on to assess operational constraints and enablers. Fifteen structured interviews were conducted with female water entrepreneurs in rural Cambodia. Female entrepreneurs reported encountering four key barriers to establishing and managing water supply schemes. The first were operational, and government and regulatory related issues, followed by financial issues and limited demand for water services. Three important enablers were reported by entrepreneurs: social enablers, economic enablers and program support from government, associations and non-government organisations (NGOs). This study found that, whilst there was evidence of empowerment reported by female water enterprise owners, the complexity of the ongoing empowerment process, challenges and limitations were also observed. Women's empowerment can be advanced through leadership of, and involvement in water enterprises, as evidenced by this study, however, gender norms constrained women, especially with respect to mobility (leaving the home for extended periods), and household and family duties impacting on income-generating work or vice versa. As such, targeted strategies are needed by a range of actors to address such constraints. The findings of this study can assist NGOs, donors and governments incentivizing entrepreneurship in water services, to ensure that these interventions are not gender blind, and to draw on evidence of the barriers and enablers for female entrepreneurs and how these are influenced by contextualized gender norms. deliver drinking water services that meet 'safely managed' standards, is through well maintained piped-water systems. In 2015, there were an estimated 300 privately managed water supply schemes in rural Cambodia, serving over one million people [2]. Yet, in 2017, only 26% of Cambodians had access to safely managed drinking water services from government and privately managed schemes [3]. Globally, between 2000 and 2017, the population using piped sources increased from 3.5 billion to 4.8 billion [3].The achievement of SDG 6 will not be possible without concerted, deliberate and transformative action on gender inequalities, as outlined in SDG 5 (Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls). The relationship between SDG 5 and 6 has received attention from the water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) and water resources management sect...

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“…Similarly, lower-income households in Haiti have high susceptibility factors of 2.4 in contracting enteric diseases than high-income household children; 41% of water supply sources in Bangladesh is contaminated with E. coli and 56% of the top 20% in India has access to treated water compared to 6% of the bottom 20% ( World Bank Group, 2017b ). Developing nations have been ravaged with high death rates due to the use of contaminated water from complications from enteric diseases, with a larger percentage of these populations from rural dwellers ( Gomez et al, 2019 ). The socioeconomic imbalance of water supply and sanitation have rendered the low-income earners to wait for options provided by the government, which sometimes are irregular.…”

Section: Socioeconomic Inequality Due To Virus-associated Water Pollumentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of socioeconomic inequality based on virus-contaminated water usage in developing countries: A review

Adelodun

Ajibade

Ighalo

et al. 2021

Environmental Research

116

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Water is an essential resource required for various human activities such as drinking, cooking, and other recreational activities. While developed nations have made significant improvement in providing adequate quality water and sanitation devoid of virus contaminations to a significant percentage of the residences, many of the developing countries are still lacking in these regards, leading to many death cases among the vulnerable due to ingestion of virus-contaminated water and other waterborne pathogens. However, the recent global pandemic of COVID-19 seems to have changed the paradigm by reawakening the importance of water quality and sanitation, and focusing more attention on the pervasive effect of the use of virus-contaminated water as it can be a potential driver for the spread of the virus and other waterborne diseases, especially in developing nations that are characterized by low socioeconomic development. Therefore, this review assessed the socioeconomic inequalities related to the usage of virus-contaminated water and other waterborne pathogens in developing countries. The socioeconomic factors attributed to the various waterborne diseases due to the use of virus-contaminated water in many developing countries are poverty, the standard of living, access to health care facilities, age, gender, and level of education. Some mitigation strategies to address the viral contamination of water sources are therefore proposed, while future scope and recommendations on tackling the essential issues related to socioeconomic inequality in developing nations are highlighted.

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Socioeconomic Factors Affecting Water Access in Rural Areas of Low and Middle Income Countries

Cited by 84 publications

References 20 publications

Socio-Economic Factors Related to Drinking Water Source and Sanitation in Malaysia

Socio-Economic Factors Related to Drinking Water Source and Sanitation in Malaysia

Rural Piped-Water Enterprises in Cambodia: A Pathway to Women’s Empowerment?

Assessment of socioeconomic inequality based on virus-contaminated water usage in developing countries: A review

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