Socioeconomic status and fertility intentions among Chinese women with one child

Zheng, Yang; Yuan, Jingqin; Xu, Tan; Chen, Mei; Liang, Hui; Connor, Donovan; Gao, Yuying; Sun, Wenjie; Shankar, Nivedita; Lü, Chao; Jiang, Yan

doi:10.3109/14647273.2016.1154988

Cited by 48 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…These findings also consistently show these patterns of associations for both rural and urban areas suggesting a strong link between socio-economic status and fertility in general, further indicating the presence of differential inequities that may be at play in the study population. Other studies have indicated similar observations among adolescent boys and girls [4,7,[24][25][26].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

Association between socioeconomic status and fertility among adolescents aged 15 to 19: An analysis of the 2013/2014 Zambia Demographic Health Survey (ZDHS)

Munakampe

Fwemba

Zulu

et al. 2020

Preprint

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BackgroundAdolescents face significant barriers to access and utilization of sexual and reproductive health services in many low-income settings which in turn may be associated with adverse consequences such as early pregnancy, sexually transmitted infections and unsafe abortion and mortality. There is evidence suggesting that limited access to sexual and reproductive health information and services among adolescents contribute to these outcomes. We aimed to find out the factors that affect the fertility of adolescents aged 15 to 19 years in Zambia and to identify possible drivers of adolescents’ fertility. Methods Secondary analysis of the ZDHS 2013/14 data was carried out to find out the factors that affect the fertility rate of adolescents aged 15 to 19 years using multivariate logistic regression (n=3,666). Results Overall, 23.1% of adolescents had given birth at least once in the five years leading to the survey (n= 3,666, 99.4% response), and 49.8% were rural-based while 50.2% were urban-based. The median number of schooling was 8 years (IQR= 6-10). About 52% of the adolescents were in the poorer, poor and medium wealth quintiles while the other 48% were in the rich and richer quintiles. Factors found to affect fertility include residence, wealth status, educational attainment, marriage and abortion. An urban-based adolescent with a lower socioeconomic status was 2.4 times more likely to give birth compared to rural-based poorer adolescents (95% CI 1.5, 3.7 p<0.001). Although odds of giving birth were much higher among rural married adolescents (aOR 8.0, 95%CI 8.0, 5.4, 11.9 p<0.001) compared to urban married adolescents (aOR 5.5, 95%CI 8.3, 16.0, p<0.001), and these relationship were both statistically significant. Higher educational attainment (aOR 0.7 95% CI 0.6, 0.8 p<0.001) and abortion (aOR 0.3 95% CI 0.1, 0.8 p=0.020) reduced these odds, particularly for rural-based adolescents. Conclusion Despite response aimed at reducing adolescent fertility, low wealth status, low educational attainment and early marriage remain significant drivers of adolescent fertility in Zambia. There is a need to address access to sexual and reproductive health needs of urban adolescents with a lower socioeconomic status.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

Association between socioeconomic status and fertility among adolescents aged 15 to 19: An analysis of the 2013/2014 Zambia Demographic Health Survey (ZDHS)

Munakampe

Fwemba

Zulu

et al. 2020

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Surveys of fertility preference 59–61 undertaken over the past two decades show that China has indeed become a low fertility culture, and such surveys are generally thought to somewhat overestimate actual fertility. 62,63 The overall consensus from these studies is that around 90% of women report they want one or two children, whereas in large cities nearly two-thirds of women state a preference for only one child.…”

Section: The Potential Effects Of the Universal Two-child Policymentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of China's universal two-child policy

2016

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In October, 2015, China’s one-child policy was replaced by a universal two-child policy. The effects of the new policy are inevitably speculative, but predictions can be made based on recent trends. The population increase will be relatively small, peaking at 1·45 billion in 2029 (compared with a peak of 1·4 billion in 2023 if the one-child policy continued). The new policy will allow almost all Chinese people to have their preferred number of children. The benefits of the new policy include: a large reduction in abortions of unapproved pregnancies, virtual elimination of the problem of unregistered children, and a more normal sex ratio. All of these effects should improve health outcomes. Effects of the new policy on the shrinking workforce and rapid population ageing will not be evident for two decades. In the meantime, more sound policy actions are needed to meet the social, health, and care needs of the elderly population.

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“…However, only 1.45 million (13.2%) of the 11 million eligible couples applied for permission to have a second child by May 2015 1 4. Fertility intent is regarded as a predictor of fertility behaviour;5 and in addition to policy, intent to procreate is also influenced by individual, social, economic and cultural factors 4 6. Several investigators have reported on the intent to have a second child in China (which varies from 13.2% to 69.3%) and its associated factors, including age, occupation, educational level, and gender of the first child 4–8.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intent to have a second child among Chinese women of childbearing age following China’s new universal two-child policy: a cross-sectional study

Liu

Zhang³

et al. 2019

BMJ Sex Reprod Health

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IntroductionChina’s one-child policy was replaced by a new universal two-child policy in 2015; however, few studies have addressed the intent to have a second child and resulting related issues.MethodsWe performed a cross-sectional study on 11 991 Chinese women, 18–49 years of age, from 11 provinces in 2016–2017, in order to assess the intent for a second child among Chinese women of childbearing age and other related factors after the introduction of China’s new universal two-child policy.ResultsWe found that the overall prevalence of the intent to have a second child was 39.4% and that economic, childrearing, and health barriers affected fertility intent. Multivariate logistic regression models showed that the age range of 25–39 years (aOR 1.28–1.30), living in Eastern (aOR 1.28, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.50) or Central China (aOR 1.52, 95% CI 1.27 to 1.78), living in a rural area (aOR 1.62, 95% CI 1.47 to 1.78), being a farmer (aOR 1.43, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.88), having a higher household income (aOR 1.13, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.28), having a history of abortion (aOR 1.18, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.31), and already having one child (aOR 3.65 for girls, aOR 2.70 for boys) were associated with a greater intent to have a second child (all p<0.05). Conversely, economic, health, childrearing, and educational barriers were associated with a lower intent to have a second child (aOR 0.65–0.75).ConclusionFour in ten women of childbearing age demonstrated an intent for a second child. We maintain that fertility-related factors be given full consideration when promoting the two-child policy.

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Socioeconomic status and fertility intentions among Chinese women with one child

Cited by 48 publications

References 14 publications

Association between socioeconomic status and fertility among adolescents aged 15 to 19: An analysis of the 2013/2014 Zambia Demographic Health Survey (ZDHS)

Association between socioeconomic status and fertility among adolescents aged 15 to 19: An analysis of the 2013/2014 Zambia Demographic Health Survey (ZDHS)

The effects of China's universal two-child policy

Intent to have a second child among Chinese women of childbearing age following China’s new universal two-child policy: a cross-sectional study

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