Sodium—A Functional Plant Nutrient

Subbarao, G. V.; Ito, Osamu; Berry, Wade L.; Wheeler, Raymond M.

doi:10.1080/07352680390243495

Cited by 228 publications

(250 citation statements)

References 154 publications

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“…Many of the studies on beneficial effects have focused on the partial to near-complete replacement of potassium by sodium, typically in the concentration range of several millimolar, reporting either no negative, or indeed palpably positive, effects on plant growth and yield. In many of the cases, growth was particularly stimulated when K + supply was low, and plants suffered at least partial K + deprivation (Mullison and Mullison 1942;Wallace et al 1948;Lehr 1950;Cope et al 1953;Lancaster et al 1953;Lehr 1953;Gammon 1953;Truog et al 1953;Ulrich and Ohki 1956;Flowers and Läuchli 1983;Subbarao et al 2001;Subbarao et al 2003). Tables 1, 2, and 3 summarize a substantial body of studies that have reported such beneficial effects, listing the species examined, the parameters reported, and the Na + concentrations at which effects were seen.…”

Section: Sodium As a Nutrientmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Interestingly, many of the same species are also known to "luxury-consume" the NO 3 -ion when it is readily available, and accumulate it to high levels in particular in vacuoles, to the point that such levels are often considered a health hazard for human consumption, as, for instance, in spinach and beet (Phillips 1971;Stanford et al 1977). The Chenopodiaceae are furthermore interesting in that they can benefit from Na + even when K + is present at significant concentrations alongside it in the growth medium (Marschner 1995;Subbarao et al 2003), i.e. they do not require K + depletion before effects are seen.…”

Section: Sodium As a Nutrientmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The paradigm that C 4 species benefit particularly substantially, and indeed in many, albeit not all, cases require Na + as an essential nutrient, is now widely accepted (Harmer and Benne 1945;Barbier and Chambannes 1951;Brownell and Wood 1957;Brownell 1965;Alekseev and Abdurakhamanov 1966;Brownell and Jackman 1966;Brownell and Crossland 1972;Marschner 1995;Pessarakli and Marcum 2000;Pessarakli 2001;Subbarao et al 2003). Important exceptions include the leading C 4 crops corn and sorghum, which have been shown not to benefit from Na + addition (Ohta et al 1988;Ohnishi et al 1990;Subbarao et al 2003). In C 4 species, it is thought that Na + facilitates the conversion of pyruvate into phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), which occurs in mesophyll cells, prior to the Calvin cycle (Johnston et al 1988).…”

Section: Sodium As a Nutrientmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sodium as nutrient and toxicant

et al. 2013

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Background Sodium (Na + ) is one of the most intensely researched ions in plant biology and has attained a reputation for its toxic qualities. Following the principle of Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim (Paracelsus), Na + is, however, beneficial to many species at lower levels of supply, and in some, such as certain C4 species, indeed essential. Scope Here, we review the ion's divergent roles as a nutrient and toxicant, focusing on growth responses, membrane transport, stomatal function, and paradigms of ion accumulation and sequestration. We examine connections between the nutritional and toxic roles throughout, and place special emphasis on the relationship of Na + to plant potassium (K + ) relations and homeostasis. Conclusions Our review investigates intriguing connections and disconnections between Na + nutrition and toxicity, and concludes that several leading paradigms in the field, such as on the roles of Na + influx and tissue accumulation or the cytosolic K + /Na + ratio in the development of toxicity, are currently insufficiently substantiated and require a new, critical approach.

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Section: Sodium As a Nutrientmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sodium As a Nutrientmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sodium As a Nutrientmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sodium as nutrient and toxicant

et al. 2013

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“…The beneficial effects of sodium for plant growth are also not limited to halophytes (Flowers and Läuchli 1983;Subbarao et al 2003). It has been known for a long time that many other plants benefit from the availability of salt to varying degrees (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The integration of activity in saline environments: problems and perspectives

Cheeseman

2013

Functional Plant Biol.

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Abstract. The successful integration of activity in saline environments requires flexibility of responses at all levels, from genes to life cycles. Because plants are complex systems, there is no 'best' or 'optimal' solution and with respect to salt, glycophytes and halophytes are only the ends of a continuum of responses and possibilities. In this review, I briefly examine seven major aspects of plant function and their responses to salinity including transporters, secondary stresses, carbon acquisition and allocation, water and transpiration, growth and development, reproduction, and cytosolic function and 'integrity'. I conclude that new approaches are needed to move towards understanding either organismal integration or 'salt tolerance', especially cessation of protocols dependent on sudden, often lethal, shock treatments and the embracing of systems level resources. Some of the tools needed to understand the integration of activity and even 'salt stress' are already in hand, such as those for whole-transcriptome analysis. Others, ranging from discovery studies of the nature of the cytosol to expanded tool kits for proteomic, metabolomic and epigenomic studies, still need to be further developed. After resurrecting the distinction between applied stress and the resultant strain and noting that with respect to salinity, the strain is manifest in changes at all -omic levels, I conclude that it should be possible to model and quantify stress responses.

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“…For example, low to moderate Na may improve crop growth, depending upon soil K levels and genotypic difference in salt tolerance (Ma et al 2011;Kronzucker et al 2013), and there is a strong substitution of K by Na in barley (Ma et al 2011). It is suggested that Na can substitute for non-specific biophysical functions of K by maintaining cell turgor especially in stomatal guard cells and ionic balance (Marschner 1995;Subbarao et al 2003;Gattward et al 2012;Kronzucker et al 2013). In this study, the findings of positive response of leaf gas exchange to soil K supply and small differences in growth and grain yield of barley among the treatments of 20, 40 and 120 kg K/ha suggested at least partial substitution of K by Na under low K and moderate salinity.…”

Section: Soil K Supply and Salinitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth and yield responses in wheat and barley to potassium supply under drought or moderately saline conditions in the south-west of Western Australia

Bell

Scanlan³

et al. 2015

Crop Pasture Sci.

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This study assessed whether more potassium (K) was required for optimal growth and grain yield of cereal crops under drought and salinity than under non-stressed conditions. In 2011, three experiments on wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) with four K rates (0, 20, 40, 80 kg K/ha), four application times (0, 5, 10, 15 weeks after sowing, WAS) and two sources (KCl, K2SO4) were conducted in the central and southern grainbelts of Western Australia. The lack of plant response to K supply at the sites of Bolgart (36 mg K/kg at 0-30 cm) and Borden (25 mg K/kg at 0-30 cm), compared with significant gain in K uptake, dry matter and grain yield at Dowerin (29 mg K/kg at 0-30 cm), was not explained by differences in soil K levels. However, rain fell regularly through the growing season at Bolgart and Borden, whereas a dry spell occurred from stem elongation to grain development at Dowerin. The effectiveness of K application time followed the trend of 0, 5 > 10 > 15 WAS. In 2012, barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) was grown on a moderately saline (saturation extract electrical conductivity ~4 dS/m) and low K (20 mg K/kg) farm in the central grainbelt and treated with 0, 20, 40 and 120 kg K/ha. Applying K increased K uptake but decreased Na uptake, especially at 120 kg K/ha. Plant growth and grain yield increased with K supply, but the difference between the K rates was relatively small, indicating possible partial K substitution by Na. Higher than normal fertiliser K supply on low K soils would enhance the adaptation by cereals to water-limited environments, but K-fertiliser management on moderately saline soils may need to account for both K and Na uptake and use by the crops.

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Sodium—A Functional Plant Nutrient

Cited by 228 publications

References 154 publications

Sodium as nutrient and toxicant

Sodium as nutrient and toxicant

The integration of activity in saline environments: problems and perspectives

Growth and yield responses in wheat and barley to potassium supply under drought or moderately saline conditions in the south-west of Western Australia

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