Sodium and Salt Consumption in Latin America and the Caribbean: A Systematic-Review and Meta-Analysis of Population-Based Studies and Surveys

Carrillo‐Larco, Rodrigo M.; Bernabé‐Ortiz, Antonio

doi:10.3390/nu12020556

Cited by 22 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The results show that Na consumption is high at all ages. This is similar to Latin American and the Caribbean countries, where the average Na consumption is close to 3.4 g/ day [35], observing higher consumption in Brazil, Chile and Colombia (> 4.7 g/ day). It is even similar to worldwide Na consumption (about 3.95 g/ day) [36].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Dietary Sodium and Potassium Intake: Data from the Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey 2016

Vargas-Meza¹,

Cervantes-Armenta²,

Campos-Nonato³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Population studies have demonstrated an association between sodium (Na) and po-tassium (K) intake and levels of blood pressure (BP) and cholesterol. The aim of this study was to describe the dietary intake and distribution of Na and K in Mexicans, and their as-sociation with metabolic risk outcomes. We analyzed a national survey that included 4,219 participants. Dietary information was obtained through a 24-hour recall. Foods and beverages were classified based on the degree of processing. BP and biomarkers in blood and urine were measured. The mean intake (mg/d) of Na was 1512 in pre-schoolchildren, 2844 in schoolchildren, 3743 in adolescents, and 3132 in adults. The mean intake of K was 1616 in pre-schoolchildren, 2256 in schoolchildren, 2967 in adolescents, and 3401 in adults. Processed and ultra-processed foods (UPF) contribute to sodium intake: 49% in preschool and schoolchildren, 47% in adolescents, and 39% in adults. Adults in the fourth quartile of sodium intake had lower serum concentrations of cholesterol (181.4 mg/dL) and HDL-c (35.5 mg/dL). The Mexican population has high Na and low K intakes. There is a relationship between Na sodium consumption and cholesterol, and LDL levels. UPF contributes to almost 40% of the sodium consumed by Mexicans.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Dietary Sodium and Potassium Intake: Data from the Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey 2016

Vargas-Meza¹,

Cervantes-Armenta²,

Campos-Nonato³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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show abstract

“…Globally, individual salt (sodium chloride) intake is estimated at >8 g/day, 1 – 3 more than twice the upper limit recommended by the American Heart Association. 4 This habitual salt excess is associated with a range of poor health outcomes, including autoimmunity, 5 cardiovascular and chronic kidney disease, 6 dementia, 7 and gastrointestinal cancers.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Activation of the Sympathetic Nervous System Promotes Blood Pressure Salt-Sensitivity in C57BL6/J Mice

et al. 2021

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Global salt intake averages >8 g/person per day, over twice the limit advocated by the American Heart Association. Dietary salt excess leads to hypertension, and this partly mediates its poor health outcomes. In ≈30% of people, the hypertensive response to salt is exaggerated. This salt-sensitivity increases cardiovascular risk. Mechanistic cardiovascular research relies heavily on rodent models and the C57BL6/J mouse is the most widely used reference strain. We examined the effects of high salt intake on blood pressure, renal, and vascular function in the most commonly used and commercially available C57BL6/J mouse strain. Changing from control (0.3% Na + ) to high salt (3% Na + ) diet increased systolic blood pressure in male mice by ≈10 mm Hg within 4 days of dietary switch. This hypertensive response was maintained over the 3-week study period. Returning to control diet gradually reduced blood pressure back to baseline. High-salt diet caused a rapid and sustained downregulation in mRNA encoding renal NHE3 (sodium-hydrogen-exchanger 3) and EnaC (epithelial sodium channel), although we did not observe a suppression in aldosterone until ≈7 days. During the development of salt-sensitivity, the acute pressure natriuresis relationship was augmented and neutral sodium balance was maintained throughout. High-salt diet increased ex vivo sensitivity of the renal artery to phenylephrine and increased urinary excretion of adrenaline, but not noradrenaline. The acute blood pressure–depressor effect of hexamethonium, a ganglionic blocker, was enhanced by high salt. Salt-sensitivity in commercially sourced C57BL6/J mice is attributable to sympathetic overactivity, increased adrenaline, and enhanced vascular sensitivity to alpha-adrenoreceptor activation and not sodium retention or attenuation of the acute pressure natriuresis response.

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“…4,5 Consequently, salt reduction has been included in international goals: the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendation of limiting salt consumption to <5 g/day, 2 and the agreement by the WHO state members of a 30% relative reduction in mean population salt intake by 2025. 6 Because available evidence suggests that sodium/salt consumption is higher than the global targets, [7][8][9] we need timely and consistent data of sodium/salt consumption in the general population to track progress of salt reduction targets.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development, validation, and application of a machine learning model to estimate salt consumption in 54 countries

Guzman‐Vilca

Castillo-Cara

Carrillo‐Larco

2022

eLife

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Global targets to reduce salt intake have been proposed but their monitoring is challenged by the lack of population-based data on salt consumption. We developed a machine learning (ML) model to predict salt consumption at the population level based on simple predictors and applied this model to national surveys in 54 countries. We used 21 surveys with spot urine samples for the ML model derivation and validation; we developed a supervised ML regression model based on: sex, age, weight, height, systolic and diastolic blood pressure. We applied the ML model to 54 new surveys to quantify the mean salt consumption in the population. The pooled dataset in which we developed the ML model included 49,776 people. Overall, there were no substantial differences between the observed and ML-predicted mean salt intake (p<0.001). The pooled dataset where we applied the ML model included 166,677 people; the predicted mean salt consumption ranged from 6.8 g/day (95% CI: 6.8-6.8 g/day) in Eritrea to 10.0 g/day (95% CI: 9.9-10.0 g/day) in American Samoa. The countries with the highest predicted mean salt intake were in Western Pacific. The lowest predicted intake was found in Africa. The country-specific predicted mean salt intake was within reasonable difference from the best available evidence. A ML model based on readily available predictors estimated daily salt consumption with good accuracy. This model could be used to predict mean salt consumption in the general population where urine samples are not available.

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Sodium and Salt Consumption in Latin America and the Caribbean: A Systematic-Review and Meta-Analysis of Population-Based Studies and Surveys

Cited by 22 publications

References 31 publications

Dietary Sodium and Potassium Intake: Data from the Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey 2016

Dietary Sodium and Potassium Intake: Data from the Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey 2016

Activation of the Sympathetic Nervous System Promotes Blood Pressure Salt-Sensitivity in C57BL6/J Mice

Development, validation, and application of a machine learning model to estimate salt consumption in 54 countries

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