Sodium butyrate alleviates potential Alzheimer’s disease in vitro by suppressing Aβ and tau activation and ameliorates Aβ-induced toxicity

Andrographis paniculata Leaves Extract Alleviates UVB-Induced HaCaT Cells Through Suppressing Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases Activation

“…The RNA was transcribed using cDNA synthesis kits (superscript II, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA). 9,20 Then, amplified by targeted primers (Table 1) and mRNA probes were stained by EtBr in agarose gel, and band intensities had been analyzed by ImageJ.…”

“…Afterward, the membranes were incubated with secondary antibody and the band images were detected in ChemiDoc XRS + (Bio-Rad, Hercules, California, USA) using ECL kit. 9,11,21…”

“…Oxidative stress escalates when an imbalance arises between the production of free radicals and the innate defense mechanisms of endogenous antioxidants. 9-11 This phenomenon has been implicated in a spectrum of chronic ailments encompassing cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes, and cancer. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) can damage biomolecules like DNA, proteins, and lipids, thereby fomenting inflammation, tissue impairment.…”

Therapeutic Effects of Plant Anthocyanin against Alzheimer’s Disease and Modulate Gut Health, Short-Chain Fatty Acids

“…SCFAs are primarily produced through the fermentation of undigested carbohydrates (e.g., dietary fibers) by gut microbiota and have been shown to exert anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects. In the context of AD and other NDDs [ 34 , 43 ], dysbiosis of the gut microbiota and increased intestinal permeability are often observed, leading to systemic inflammation and neuroinflammation, which are key contributors to disease progression [ 29 ]. SCFAs have been found to regulate gut barrier function, reduce inflammation, and modulate immune responses, thereby potentially mitigating the inflammatory processes implicated in the pathogenesis of AD and other NDDs [ 44 ].…”

“…Although these results are promising, additional research, including human clinical trials, is needed to fully elucidate the therapeutic potential of anthocyanins in targeting neurological inflammation and slowing the progression of AD. In blocking the expression of inflammatory genes and cytokines, ACNs have been shown to inhibit the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, a multiprotein complex involved in the processing and release of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-18, and TNF-α [ 34 , 43 ]. By targeting multiple aspects of the inflammatory cascade, cytokine production, and inflammasome activation, anthocyanins offer a multifaceted approach to attenuate neuroinflammation in AD.…”