Sodium butyrate attenuated iE‐DAP induced inflammatory response in the mammary glands of dairy goats fed high‐concentrate diet

Abstract

BACKGROUNDLong‐term high‐concentrate (HC) diet feeding increased bacterial endotoxins, which translocated into the mammary glands of dairy goats and induced inflammatory response. γ‐d‐Glutamyl‐meso‐diaminopimelic acid (iE‐DAP), bacterial peptidoglycan component, triggered inflammatory response through activating nucleotide oligomerization domain protein 1 (NOD1) signaling pathway. While dietary supplemented with sodium butyrate (SB) relieved inflammatory response and improved animal health and production. To investigate the effects and the mechanisms of action of SB on the inflammatory response in the mammary glands of dairy goats fed HC diet, 12 Saanen dairy goats were randomly assigned into HC group and SB regulated (BHC) group.RESULTSThe results showed that SB supplementation attenuated ruminal pH decrease caused by HC diet in dairy goats resulting in a decrease of proinflammatory cytokines and iE‐DAP plasma concentration and the mRNA expression of NOD1 and other inflammation‐related genes. The protein levels of NOD1, NF‐κB p65 and NF‐κB pp65 were decreased by the SB supplementation. The expression of histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) was also inhibited by the SB supplementation. Meanwhile, the chromatin compaction ratios and DNA methylation levels of NOD1 and receptor‐interacting protein 2 (RIP2) of BHC group were upregulated.CONCLUSIONCollectively, the SB supplementation mitigated the inflammatory response in the mammary glands of dairy goats during HC‐induced subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) by inhibiting the activation of the NOD1/NF‐κB signaling pathway through the decrease of the iE‐DAP concentration in the rumen fluid and plasma and HDAC3 expression. DNA methylation and chromatin remodeling also contributed to the anti‐inflammatory effect of SB. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry

Sodium Butyrate More Effectively Mitigates the Negative Effects of High-Concentrate Diet in Dairy Cows than Sodium β-Hydroxybutyrate via Reducing Free Bacterial Cell Wall Components in Rumen Fluid and Plasma

“…There are several reasons. Firstly, sodium butyrate improved the rumen pH and comprehensively decreased the bacterial cell wall components (LPS, PGN and LTA) in rumen fluid and plasma, which was consistent with previous studies [ 10 , 14 , 15 ]. Sodium β -hydroxybutyrate also improved rumen pH, but to a less extent than sodium butyrate.…”

“…Thus, HC diet not only elevates LPS concentration in rumen fluid, but also results in a rise in plasma [ 1 , 2 ]. Several studies have suggested that HC diet also led to an increase of iE-DAP in the rumen and plasma [ 14 , 40 ]. In this present study, the HC diet significantly increased LPS concentration in plasma, which was in line with previous reports [ 1 ].…”

“…Similarly, several studies have suggested that supplementation of sodium butyrate could comprehensively reduce the body injuries induced by HC diet in ruminants. These injuries included inflammation in the mammary gland [ 12 , 14 ], liver [ 15 ], rumen epithelium [ 17 ]; apoptosis in mammary cells [ 54 ] and hepatocytes [ 13 ]; and impairment of ruminal epithelium barrier function [ 10 ]. β -Hydroxybutyrate also possesses an anti-inflammatory activity via activating GPR109A [ 30 ] and decreasing the expression of innate immune genes [ 55 ].…”

“…Numerous studies [ 12 , 13 ] have demonstrated that HC diet feeding significantly increases the concentrations of LPS in the rumen and plasma of ruminants and induces inflammation in the rumen epithelium, the mammary gland, the liver, and so on. Besides, several studies [ 14 , 15 ] have also suggested that HC diet feeding significantly increases the concentration of D-glutamyl- meso -diaminopimelic acid (iE-DAP), a core component of PGN, in the rumen and plasma of dairy cows and goats and elicited inflammation in the mammary gland and liver. Whether HC diet increases the concentrations of PGN and LTA in the rumen and plasma of dairy cows has yet to be established.…”

“…Supplementation of sodium butyrate into HC diet increases milk yield and milk fat content in dairy cows [ 20 ]. Furthermore, sodium butyrate attenuates the adverse effects including mastitis, hepatitis, rumen epithelial impairment, and so on, caused by HC diet in ruminants, since sodium butyrate increases rumen pH and decreases rumen epithelial permeability and the concentrations of LPS and iE-DAP in the rumen and plasma [ 10 , 14 , 17 ]. However, the effects of sodium butyrate addition into HC diet on the concentrations of PGN and LTA in the rumen and plasma remain unclear.…”