Sodium‐catalyzed copolymerization of 1,3‐butadiene and styrene

Marvel, C. S.; Bailey, William J.; Inskeep, G. Esler

doi:10.1002/pol.1946.120010408

Cited by 24 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Evidences of differences in molecular structure have been reported (5) and undoubtedly result from different mechanisms of polymerization. The work reported here was carried out to determine the suitability of sodium-catalyzed butadiene-styrene copolymers as general-purpose synthetic rubbers, and to provide a background for studies relating structure of elastomeric materials to their physical behavior.…”

Section: Sodium-catalyzedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Sodium-Catalyzed Copolymers of 1,3-Butadiene and Styrene

Juve¹,

Goff²,

Schroeder³

et al. 1947

Ind. Eng. Chem.

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Section: Sodium-catalyzedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Sodium-Catalyzed Copolymers of 1,3-Butadiene and Styrene

Juve¹,

Goff²,

Schroeder³

et al. 1947

Ind. Eng. Chem.

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“…Na-SG(II) and Na-SG(I) have found employment as drying agents to dry monomers and solvents (alone or mixed in a solution) for the anionic living polymerization of styrene and isoprene, despite the known ability of sodium sand to polymerize buta-1,3-diene and styrene. 34 The drying agent does not need to be removed before the polymerization step, as it does not interfere with the initiator. 35 At variance with this finding, it was also reported that the polymerization of methyl methacrylate can be initiated by Na-SG(I), but not by the second stage material.…”

Section: -O 2 Nc 6 H 4 Chmentioning

confidence: 99%

Silica Gel Stabilized Na and Na/K Alloys: Highly Effective, Versatile and Environmentally Friendly Reducing Agents

2017

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Na and Na/K alloys in the liquid phase can be absorbed into amorphous silica gel at loadings up to 40 wt%. Further heating of these so-called stage 0 materials at 150 or 400 °C furnishes stage I and stage II materials, respectively, as free-flowing powders that can be handled under much safer conditions than the corresponding starting materials. Stage I Na and Na 2 K possess valuable reducing properties and they have found a variety of low impact applications in organic synthesis, including, e.g., the reductive deprotection of several functional groups, the development of safer protocols to operate the Bouveault-Blanc and the Birch reductions, and a new and particularly efficient approach to the Grignard and Darzens reactions. 1 Introduction 2 Reductive Deprotection Procedures 3 Bouveault-Blanc Reduction of Esters 4 Ammonia-Free Birch Reductions 5 Synthesis of Alkyldiaryl-and Dialkylarylphosphines 6 CC Bond Forming Reactions 7 Further Applications 8 Conclusion

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“…However, Coca Cola bottles which have been capped with a hand-capping machine are very convenient. The use of heavvwall screw-cap bottles has also been found satisfactory (7). Most of these applications have been to butadiene copolymer systems which were polymerized at low temperatures and correspondingly low pressures.…”

Section: Emulsion Polymerizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most of these applications have been to butadiene copolymer systems which were polymerized at low temperatures and correspondingly low pressures. The capped bottles often leak, but where the heat dissipation is poor, the pressure may rise rapidly and serious explosions have been reported (7). The polymerizations are conveniently carried out in a constant temperature cabinet or liquid bath.…”

Section: Emulsion Polymerizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation of High-Molecular-Weight Addition Polymers

Goldberg¹

1947

Ind. Eng. Chem.

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Calibrated gasometers may be used to measure product gases, but their best use appears to be to store product gases after metering and prior to sampling.S.4MPLIh-G PRODCCT GASES. Samples of product gases may be taken as stream samples or as portions of the entire gas. Spot samples taken in evacuated 250-cr. bulbs can be collected in the minimum time. Continuous samples are representative only if the rate of collection is a constant fraction of the ratil of production. Often the difference is not important. d n evacuated bottle fitted with a gage, drying tube, and needle valve niay be utilized to collect a dry sample, the rate of pressure rise giving an estimate of the rate of collcction.Stirred gasometers are useful for collection of good repreaeritative samples, especially if it is desired t o blend in the gas produced during stabilization of the liquid sample. The stirrer is carried near the top of the gasometer bell on a shaft passing through the top of the bell. Experience in preparing samples of mixed gases shoved that some form of agitation is needed if a representative sample is required in a reasonable time. MI SCELLASEOUS FACTORSA few details contribute to smoother operation and greattLr production. h s far as posnihlc general scrvircc: should Iw provided at one point for all reactors in an area and piped t o the units. This applies to compressed gases, refrigerants, and p o w r and vent lines.Standardization of parts permits operators on shift t o make replacements as needed and do minor maintenance. Furthermore break-in time in changing from one unit to anothrr is greatly reduced.Like metals, particularly stainless steels, arc s u b j (~t t o sieziriy or galling when run in contact. This can be :ivoidod by using Ai.I.S.I. type 116 steel for onc of the parts and .i.I.S.I. type 301 or similar steel for the other.ibed have beeri in use for several years, and continued efforts have been made t o simplify equipment and operation's as far as possible, consistent with good results.XI1 the apparatus and proccdures d HIGH-molecular-w eight pols mers may be prepared in various w as s, such as hulL, solution, suspension, or eniulsion. The equipment depends bomew hat on the mode of preparation but is essentially a function of the phjsical properties of the monomers. Temperature control of pol? merization reactions is especiall: important inasniuc h as the alerage molecular weights, and therefore the phgsical properties. I arj considerablj with temperature. Because of the exothermic nature of the reaction, good heat transfer is required, which necessitates adequate agitation. The large number of \olatile mononiers existing in the gaseous state at the desired polymerization temperaturei indicate the need for specialized equipment. Sealed tubes, screw -cap pressure bottles, Coca Cola hottles. aiitoclaies, etc., require the use of \arious techniques for agitation and heating. i few types of apparatus used in low pressure (5 t o 10 atmospheres) and moderate pressure, up to about 30 atmospheres, are described in some de...

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Sodium‐catalyzed copolymerization of 1,3‐butadiene and styrene

Cited by 24 publications

References 2 publications

Evaluation of Sodium-Catalyzed Copolymers of 1,3-Butadiene and Styrene

Evaluation of Sodium-Catalyzed Copolymers of 1,3-Butadiene and Styrene

Silica Gel Stabilized Na and Na/K Alloys: Highly Effective, Versatile and Environmentally Friendly Reducing Agents

Preparation of High-Molecular-Weight Addition Polymers

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