Sodium chloride treatment effects on rainbow trout suffering from proliferative kidney disease caused by Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae

Enevova, Vladimira; Palíková, Miroslava; Blahová, Jana; Modrá, Helena; Vojtek, Libor; Papežíková, Ivana; Tichý, František; Mareš, Jan; Navrátil, Stanislav; Večerek, Vladimír; Svobodová, Zdeňka

doi:10.3354/dao03287

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Unlike our study, Enevova et al (2018) described a significant increase in the plasma oxidative indices, including the FRAP and ceruloplasmin, an acute-phase reactant (Haluzova et al 2010), in the treated group 14 days after immersion, indicating an effective adaptation response to stress. Our results suggest that fish adapt relatively quickly to sodium chloride baths and that, with the used water temperatures and exposure times, they represent a safe therapeutic treatment for fish (Svobodova et al 2007;Palikova et al 2019).…”

Section: Oxidative Stress Indicescontrasting

confidence: 83%

“…In our study, we observed no histopathological changes in the liver, spleen, anterior and posterior kidneys, gills or skin in all the treated and control groups (T0, T24, T48 and T240). Similarly, Enevova et al (2018) observed no histopathological changes in the groups treated with an 8 g l -1 sodium chloride solution and the untreated groups after 14 and 21 days. In comparison, formalin and peracetic acid baths, which are also used as antiparasitic agents, cause strong histopathological effects, with extensive changes observed on the gills and skin in common carp immediately and after 24 h, 48 h and 10 days, and numerous mucinous elements on the skin, following exposure to a formalin treatment bath (Chmelova et al 2016).…”

Section: Histopathologymentioning

confidence: 75%

“…Nevertheless, our haematological profile results are consistent with those of previous studies. For example, Enevova et al (2018), who studied the effect of salt baths (8 g l -1 , 14 and 21 days) on parasitic kidney disease caused by Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), described a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the PCV and Hb at 21 days after immersion, suggesting that the increase represented a compensatory reaction to the stress that contributed to their gradual recovery. Similarly, Demska-Zakes et al ( 2021), who tested the effects of a 30 min sodium chloride bath on pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) at T0 and T24, observed that the haemoglobin levels, haematocrit, and red blood cell count were significantly increased in fish treated with either a 10 g l -1 or 20 g l -1 sodium chloride concentration, with the changes in the haematological profile persisting after 24 hours.…”

Section: Haematological Profilementioning

confidence: 99%

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Sodium chloride bath - A cheap and safe tool for antiparasitic treatment of fish

Láníková¹,

Mikula²,

Blahová³

et al. 2021

Vet. Med. - Czech

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Sodium chloride is widely used in aquaculture due to its antiparasitic effects and its ability to reduce stress during fish transport and manipulation. The aim of this study was to assess the safety of short-term exposure to sodium chloride for the common carp (Cyprinus carpio). In our experiment, fish were placed into a sodium chloride bath (c = 30 g l<sup>–1</sup>; T = 30 min; t = 20 °C) and the effects of the treatment were assessed immediately after the bath (T0) and 24, 48 and 240 h later (T24, T48 and T240, respectively), with non-treated fish serving as control groups. Though significant differences compared to the controls were observed in the treated fish sampled at T0, T24 and T48, these effects were only temporary and all the affected parameters (i.e., haemoglobin, haematocrit, plasmatic lactate, cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase, albumin, phosphorus and ceruloplasmin) had completely recovered within 10 days of exposure, suggesting that the treatment of carp with a sodium chloride bath represents a safe approach suitable for therapy of parasitic infections.

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Section: Oxidative Stress Indicescontrasting

confidence: 83%

Section: Histopathologymentioning

confidence: 75%

Section: Haematological Profilementioning

confidence: 99%

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Sodium chloride bath - A cheap and safe tool for antiparasitic treatment of fish

Láníková¹,

Mikula²,

Blahová³

et al. 2021

Vet. Med. - Czech

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“…As management options for fish farms with PKD outbreaks most of the following solutions were accurately proposed by Clifton‐Hadley et al (1984): To date there are no licensed and safe chemical treatments against PKD. A positive effect of treatment with salt water on PKD‐related mortality was found in 0+ salmon (O'Hara, 1985) and rainbow trout (Enevova et al., 2018). Nevertheless, this effect was not found in Chinook salmon (Hedrick & Aronstien, 1987), and the salt treatment might result in additional stress to the fish.…”

Section: Management Options For Mitigating Pkd In Salmonidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mitigating human impacts including climate change on proliferative kidney disease in salmonids of running waters

Ros

Schmidt‐Posthaus

Brinker

2022

Journal of Fish Diseases

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Over the last two decades, an increasing number of reports have identified a decline in salmonid populations, possibly linked to infection with the parasite Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae and the corresponding disease, that is, proliferative kidney disease (PKD). The life cycle of this myxozoan parasite includes sessile bryozoan species as invertebrate host, which facilitates the distribution of the parasite in running waters. As the disease outcome is temperature dependent, the impact of the disease on salmonid populations is increasing with global warming due to climate change. The goal of this review is to provide a detailed overview of measures to mitigate the effects of PKD on salmonid populations. It first summarizes the parasite life cycle, temperature‐driven disease dynamics and new immunological and molecular research into disease resistance and, based on this, discusses management possibilities. Sophisticated management actions focusing on local adaptation of salmonid populations, restoration of the riverine ecosystem and keeping water temperatures cool are necessary to reduce the negative effects of PKD. Such actions include temporary stocking with PKD‐resistant salmonids, as this may assist in conserving current populations that fail to reproduce.

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“…NaCl has been used in fish aquaculture for various purposes, including treatment of fungus in fish and eggs (El‐Gawad et al, 2016; Khodabandeh & Abtah, 2006; Singhal et al, 1986; Weirich & Tiersch, 1997), bacteria (Akinola & Olakunbi, 2019; Fathollahi et al, 2020), proliferative kidney disease in fish caused by the myxozoan Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae (Enevova et al, 2018), fertilization, reproduction and early developmental stages of fish (Mahrosh et al, 2014; Neves et al, 2019), and in combination with anaesthetics (Davis et al, 1982) because it reduces stress and facilitates osmoregulation (Burgdorf‐Moisuk et al, 2011). NaCl has also been used for several other purposes in fish aquaculture.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicity, physiological, histopathological, handling, growth and antiparasitic effects of the sodium chloride (salt) in the freshwater fish aquaculture

Tavares‐Dias¹

2021

Aquaculture Research

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This paper provides the currently available knowledge in the literature regarding the use of sodium chloride (NaCl) in freshwater fish aquaculture and aquaria as related to toxicity, growth performance, transportation, physiology, immunity, histomorphology and antiparasitic treatment. This review assessed and discussed all of these factors, as well as the potential strategies available to be used in fish farming. Acute toxicity to NaCl varies widely among fish species (3.5-150.0 g L −1 ) depending on some environment factors, and many fish species are sensitive to concentrations near those required for their development, growth or for controlling and treating parasites. Acute exposure to NaCl may lead to mortality in different fish species, cause changes in feeding and swimming behaviour, as well as in growth performance and histomorphology of gills, while sublethal concentrations are less harmful. To reduce stress during transport of freshwater fish, concentrations of 1.0-10.0 g L −1 of NaCl in water have been tested for some fish species. Data have shown that survival, body growth of fish, food intake and stimulation of food conversion are affected by the NaCl concentration.Moreover, the effects of NaCl on the immune system, physiology and behaviour must also be considered. Sodium chloride may be a chemotherapeutic for controlling and treating ectoparasite diseases in farmed freshwater fish because of its effectiveness and low cost, but this compound may not be used in high or extreme toxic concentrations, since the maximum tolerance may be near the therapeutic doses. Therefore, this chemical product should be used with parsimony in fish farming. K E Y W O R D Saquaculture, blood, fish, growth, parasites, treatment | ACUTE TOXICITY OF NaCl IN FRESHWATER FISH SPECIESKnowledge on the tolerance limits of freshwater fish to NaCl is of ecological significance in assessing fish distribution and their impact on ecosystems, as well as for management practices in fish farms.The most common laboratory measure of NaCl tolerance is the concentration that is lethal to 50% of individuals (LC 50 ) over periods of 24-96 h. Such determinations are experimental and establish a causal link between the salinity and mortality. Some species of freshwater fish tolerate high concentrations of NaCl for longer periods when compared with other freshwater fish species (Table 1), and concentrations may be near the lethal concentration for the fish species. However, they lack consideration of other changes in the water quality that may occur with an increased salinity. Thus, it is necessary to know beforehand the mean lethal concentration (LC 50 ) for each species of fish as well as the environmental conditions for exposure to NaCl.How to cite this article: Tavares-Dias, M. (2022). Toxicity, physiological, histopathological, handling, growth and antiparasitic effects of the sodium chloride (salt) in the freshwater fish aquaculture.

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Sodium chloride treatment effects on rainbow trout suffering from proliferative kidney disease caused by Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae

Cited by 7 publications

References 38 publications

Sodium chloride bath - A cheap and safe tool for antiparasitic treatment of fish

Sodium chloride bath - A cheap and safe tool for antiparasitic treatment of fish

Mitigating human impacts including climate change on proliferative kidney disease in salmonids of running waters

Toxicity, physiological, histopathological, handling, growth and antiparasitic effects of the sodium chloride (salt) in the freshwater fish aquaculture

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