Sodium Intake, Blood Pressure, and Dietary Sources of Sodium in an Adult South Indian Population

Ravi, Sripriya; Bermúdez, Odilia I.; Harivanzan, Vijaykumar; Chui, Kwan Ho Kenneth; Vasudevan, Preethi; Must, Aviva; Thanikachalam, Sadagopan; Thanikachalam, Mohan

doi:10.1016/j.aogh.2016.02.001

Cited by 37 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…These studies are summarized in Table . The outcomes examined were diverse: one study assessed mortality outcomes (category I), two studies assessed morbidity outcomes (category II), two studies assessed outcomes related to symptoms/quality of life/functional status (category III), six studies assessed BP outcomes (category IV), seven studies assessed other clinically relevant surrogate outcomes (category V), and 10 studies assessed physiologic outcomes (category VI) …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…No primary research studies in the physiologic category (category VI) met the minimum methodological criteria. A range of outcomes were captured by the studies considered to be of lower quality, including all‐cause mortality, headaches/migranes, BP, cognitive function, acne, obesity and ghrelin, multiple sclerosis, BMD, gastric cancer, flow‐mediated dilatation, pulse wave velocity, markers of the renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system, heart rate, insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome, brain tissue white matter hyperintensity, uric acid, and urinary albumin . Most of these studies found adverse effects of dietary salt on health, except for three that were neutral and one that found an inverse relationship between salt intake and headaches/migranes …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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More evidence that salt increases blood pressure and risk of kidney disease from the Science of Salt: A regularly updated systematic review of salt and health outcomes (April–July 2016)

Arcand

Wong

Santos

et al. 2017

J of Clinical Hypertension

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The purpose of this review is to identify, summarize, and critically appraise studies on dietary salt and health outcomes that were published from April to July 2016. The search strategy was adapted from a previous systematic review on dietary salt and health. We have revised our criteria for methodological quality and health outcomes, which are applied to select studies for detailed critical appraisals and written commentary. Overall, 28 studies were identified and are summarized in this review. Four of the 28 studies met criteria for methodological quality and health outcomes and five studies underwent detailed critical appraisals and commentary. Three of these studies found adverse effects of salt on health outcomes (chronic kidney disease and blood pressure) and two were neutral (fracture risk/bone mineral density and cognitive impairment). | INTRODUCTIONMeta-analyses and systematic reviews examining the relationship between dietary salt and health outcomes 1,2 have been the basis for consensus that excess salt (sodium) consumption is associated with multiple adverse health outcomes, including a positive causal relationship with blood pressure (BP). The high profile of dietary salt research has resulted in a rapidly growing literature on the health effects of dietary salt. To keep scientific, clinical, and policy stakeholders up to date with the growing body of literature, regularly updated reviews and critical appraisals of studies relating to health outcomes are published in the Journal, alternating with reviews of studies relating to salt reduction implementation programs. 6 The objective of this fourth health outcomes review is to summarize published articles on salt and health outcomes and to highlight and critically appraise the highest-quality articles that were published between April and July 2016. This article also reports on anupdated methodology developed and adopted to ensure an objective review of the most clinically relevant studies. | METHODOLOGYA detailed description of the methodological approach used to identify published articles for this review has been previously reported. 6Briefly, articles were identified on a weekly basis through a MEDLINE search strategy, which was adapted from a previous systematic review used to develop the WHO guideline on dietary sodium intake. 1,2 Figure). Among identified articles, studies were selected to undergo a detailed critical appraisal based on the outcomes examined and methodological quality, as described below. A secondary set of articles was considered for inclusion if judged by the authors to be impactful based on novelty of findings or potential for generating public discourse or scientific controversy or for informing public health policy.Articles were selected for detailed critical appraisal considering a hierarchy of health outcomes, which were those classified based on relevance to patients ( outcome and category I to V outcomes as secondary outcomes, the study was considered for inclusion as long as it met methodological quality criteria.Met...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

More evidence that salt increases blood pressure and risk of kidney disease from the Science of Salt: A regularly updated systematic review of salt and health outcomes (April–July 2016)

Arcand

Wong

Santos

et al. 2017

J of Clinical Hypertension

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…However, the reach to Asian Americans, who have high sodium intakes, 12 may be limited for two reasons. First, the primary sources of sodium consumed in Asian Americans appear to be salt added during cooking, not from packaged and restaurant foods; 13,31,32 and second, Asian Americans may retain traditional dietary practices postmigration to America. 33,34 Examination of Asian American demographics in NHANES reveals that NHANES appears to have recruited one portion of this population: highly educated, high-income earners 35,36 -with these individuals likely being more acculturated, 37 meaning they have adopted more US cultural practices.…”

Section: Dietary Sources Of Sodium Nhanes 2011-12 -Firestone Et Almentioning

confidence: 99%

“…39,40 Data from Asia indicates that high sodium intake exists across Asian subgroups. 11,32 Although rigorous methods were used for dietary recall that allow for incorporation of diverse dietary patterns, a lack of representativeness for ethnic diets in FNDDS food codes may have resulted in misclassification, and data are subject to measurement error (ie, recall and coding errors). A validation study using 24-hour urinary sodium as the reference measure found differential misreporting of sodium intake by sex and BMI, but not race/ethnicity, although the sample was not large enough to allow for an Asian American subcategory.…”

Section: Strengths and Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Asian American Dietary Sources of Sodium and Salt Behaviors Compared with Other Racial/Ethnic Groups, NHANES, 2011-2012

Firestone

Beasley

Kwon³

et al. 2017

Ethn Dis

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Objective: Asian Americans consume more sodium than other racial/ethnic groups. The purpose of this analysis was to describe major sources of sodium intake to inform sodium reduction initiatives. Methods: Cross-sectional data on adults (aged >18 years) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2012 with one 24-hour dietary recall were analyzed (n=5,076). Population proportions were calculated from “What We Eat in America” (WWEIA) food categories. Results: Asian Americans had a higher sodium density vs adults of other racial/ ethnic groups (means in mg/1000kcal: Asian American, 2031.1; Hispanic,1691.6; White: 1666.5; Black: 1655.5; P<.05, all). Half of sodium consumed by Asian Americans came from the top 10 food categories, in contrast to Hispanics (43.6%), Whites (39.0%), and Blacks (36.0%). Four food categories were a top source of sodium for Hispanics, Whites, Blacks, and others, but not among Asian Americans: cold cuts and cured meats; meat mixed dishes; eggs and omelets; and cheese. The top three food category sources of sodium among Asians were soups, rice, and yeast breads accounting for 28.9% of dietary sodium. Asian Americans were less likely to add salt at the table, but used salt in food preparation ‘very often’ (P for both <.01). Conclusions: Mean sodium consumption and sources vary across racial/ethnic groups with highest consumption in Asian Americans. Given the smaller number of food categories contributing to sodium intake in Asian Americans, results imply that targeted activities on a few food items would have a large impact on reducing sodium intake in this group.Ethn Dis. 2017;27(3):241-248; doi:10.18865/ed.27.3.241

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“…The association between high daily sodium intake and hypertension is known and considered an important factor in the genesis of hypertension. 43 Notwithstanding, the reduction or adequacy of daily sodium intake is recommended as a primary intervention for patients with hypertension, 5,6 owing to the evidence that nutritional adequacy leads to reduction in BP levels. 44 The fact that the magnitude of BP increase or decrease differs among the population to changes in sodium load has led to the search for genes related to sodium sensitivity.…”

Section: Ace Gene I/d Polymorphism and Hypertension In The Populationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Daily sodium intake influences the relationship between angiotensin‐converting enzyme gene insertion/deletion polymorphism and hypertension in older adults

Freire

Casotti

Ribeiro

et al. 2018

J of Clinical Hypertension

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The angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion/deletion (I/D) gene polymorphism has been widely reported as being associated with hypertension; however, most studies do not consider environmental/behavioral factors. This study aimed to investigate the relationship among angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion/deletion gene polymorphism, environmental/behavioral factors, and hypertension in community-dwelling elderly individuals. All community-dwelling older adults from Aiquara, Bahia, Brazil, were invited to take part in this study. After exclusions, 234 elderly participants were submitted to a data collection, which included sociodemographics, lifestyle and health status questionnaires, clinical assessment, and blood withdrawal. From the blood samples, the gene polymorphism was identified through polymerase chain reaction and patients grouped as II or D allele carriers (ID and DD genotypes). Hypertension was defined by self-report of the condition and confirmed by antihypertensive drug treatment. Chi-square test was used to identify differences in the proportions distributed between groups of each dependent variable (ie, genotype, diagnosis of hypertension, and blood pressure state from medicated patients with hypertension). The prevalence of hypertension was 59.3% and was associated with diabetes mellitus and obesity, but not with angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion/deletion gene polymorphism. However, carriers of the II genotype, a salt-sensitivity genotype, exhibited a significantly greater estimated sodium intake. In addition, among medicated elderly patients with hypertension, II genotype carriers exhibited poor blood pressure control, despite similar antihypertensive drug treatment in D allele carriers, while exhibiting a greater estimated sodium intake. Our results provide new evidence regarding the interaction of genetic and environmental/behavioral factors in the genesis of hypertension among elderly patients, as well as in blood pressure control in medicated elderly patients with hypertension.

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Sodium Intake, Blood Pressure, and Dietary Sources of Sodium in an Adult South Indian Population

Abstract: In a South Indian population, the dietary intake of sodium was higher than recommendations by major dietary guidelines and was an independent predictor of SBP.

Cited by 37 publications

References 21 publications

More evidence that salt increases blood pressure and risk of kidney disease from the Science of Salt: A regularly updated systematic review of salt and health outcomes (April–July 2016)

More evidence that salt increases blood pressure and risk of kidney disease from the Science of Salt: A regularly updated systematic review of salt and health outcomes (April–July 2016)

Asian American Dietary Sources of Sodium and Salt Behaviors Compared with Other Racial/Ethnic Groups, NHANES, 2011-2012

Daily sodium intake influences the relationship between angiotensin‐converting enzyme gene insertion/deletion polymorphism and hypertension in older adults

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