Sodium intercalation chemistry in graphite

Kim, Haegyeom; Hong, Jihyun; Yoon, Gabin; Kim, Hyunchul; Park, Kyu‐Young; Park, Min; Yoon, Won‐Sub; Kang, Kisuk

doi:10.1039/c5ee02051d

Cited by 408 publications

(434 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Recently, Cohn et al 51 showed stable capacity of ca. 150 mA h g −1 , suggesting a stoichiometry of Na(Diglyme) x C 15 , that is in agreement with previous reports on chemically derived stage 1 Na + ternary graphite intercalation compounds (GICs). Figure 10 shows a 1D Patterson diagram along the c-axis calculated from the XRD (00l) peak intensities.…”

Section: Gsm-b Gsm-br G Dsupporting

confidence: 80%

“…Upon a first discharge, a new set of (00l) ) unless CC License in place (see abstract reflections appeared for TEG, which are indexed as belonging to the stage-1 of the Na x (DGM) 2 C 20 compound. 15,16 Then, upon charging the initial position of the (002) reflection is retrieved, evidencing the reversibility of the insertion process. Its enhanced broadening involves a structural modification of the interlayer spacing to allow sodium diffusion.…”

Section: Gsm-b Gsm-br G Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…14, 15 Jache et al demonstrated that graphite may insert sodium by using cointercalation phenomena in a diglyme-based electrolyte. 16 Zhu et al showed the sodium storage performance of graphite in linear ether-based electrolytes using sodium perclorate and/or sodium triflate in tetraglyme (TGM), diglyme (DGM), and 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME).…”

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confidence: 99%

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On the Reliability of Sodium Co-Intercalation in Expanded Graphite Prepared by Different Methods as Anodes for Sodium-Ion Batteries

Cabello

Bai

Chyrka

et al. 2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Recent improvements of sodium ion batteries have been achieved by the use of graphitic carbon as an anode and glyme-based electrolytes. In this work, expanded graphites are prepared by thermal expansion, Broddie and Hummer's modified methods. Their structural, morphological and electrochemical properties are compared with those of the original natural graphite. XRD patterns, XPS and Raman spectra corroborate the presence of graphite oxide intermediates and reveal different reduced forms of expanded graphite which can affect the sodium insertion properties. The use of sodium triflate in diglyme enhanced the electrochemical performance in terms of delivering a flat plateau at ca. 0.65 and 0.55 V in discharge/charge cycles. The thermally expanded graphite increased the capacity and efficiency from 100 to 115 mA h g −1 and from 93 to 96% over 100 cycles when cycled at C rate as compared to natural graphite. Ex-situ XRD patterns reveal the presence of new set of reflections ascribable to sodium ordering in different stages as evidenced by the calculated Patterson diagrams. The new results described here would account for development of carbon-based material and their prospects and challenges for sodium ion battery anodes. The sodium intercalation into graphite is still one of the most interesting and unusual in the solid state chemistry of intercalation compounds. Neither ionic nor hard sphere model theory explains why the liquid phase interaction of molten sodium with graphite provides only high-stage compositions.1,2 This effect contrasts with that for other alkali metals, 3 in which first-stage graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) can be easily obtained. Udod suggested that the discrepancy between the size of sodium atoms and the distances between potential minima in the graphite sheet causes the absence of low-stage Na-GICs. 4 Graphite has a long-range-ordered layered structure where Li + ion can be easily intercalated between the graphene layers by electrochemical means. The main lithium insertion reaction occurs at a flat plateau around 0.2 V, and the capacity is 372 mA h g −1 . 5,6 Unlike, the graphite anode does not intercalate sodium to any appreciable extent. The galvanostatic curves during the full sodiation/desodiation shows a monotonic voltage curves, which capacity is lower than 35 mA h g −1 . 7,8 This normally refers to the standard electrolytes that are based on organic carbonates (EC ethylene carbonate, DMC dimethylcarbonate) and lithium salts (LiPF 6 ) or sodium salts (NaPF 6 ).In the search for alternative secondary batteries that will replace lithium ion batteries (LIBs), sodium ion batteries (SIBs) have received attention due to the following reasons: (i) abundance of sodium sources (it is the 4 th most abundant element in the earth crust), (ii) the low cost of sodium compared to lithium, especially for largescale electric storage applications, and (iii) the similar chemistry of sodium and lithium.9 So far, several issues have scoffed at the optimal performance of graphite anodes at both lithi...

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Section: Gsm-b Gsm-br G Dsupporting

confidence: 80%

Section: Gsm-b Gsm-br G Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

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On the Reliability of Sodium Co-Intercalation in Expanded Graphite Prepared by Different Methods as Anodes for Sodium-Ion Batteries

Cabello

Bai

Chyrka

et al. 2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…In addition, hard carbon, which is associated with a high production cost and low material's density, must be used as an anode in NIBs, as graphite, which is the standard anode for LIBs, cannot store Na ions. [15][16][17] Recently, K-ion batteries (KIBs) have emerged as another possible energy storage system. [18][19][20] It is notable that the abundance of K resources in the Earth's crust and oceans is similar to that of Na (Figure 1a).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Progress and Perspective in Electrode Materials for K‐Ion Batteries

Kim

Bianchini

et al. 2017

Advanced Energy Materials

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614

465

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and demand in terms of time and space. Thus, grid-level stationary energy storage systems (ESSs) play a key role in making renewable energies both effective and efficient and thereby shaping a more sustainable and environmental friendly society.Although different energy storage technologies including mechanical, electrical, chemical, and electrochemical systems have been proposed, [2,3] mechanical energy storage through pumped hydroelectricity currently dominates the market (≈95% of the installed capacity, ≈183 GW). [4] Electrochemical energy storage is also being considered as a promising option for ESSs based on its flexibility of deployment with little restriction on size and geographical location, low maintenance costs, large energy density, high round-trip efficiency, and long cycle life. [3,5,6] The market for Li-ion batteries (LIBs), originally commercialized for portable electronic devices (i.e., cell phones and laptops), is now expanding to electric vehicles (EVs) and gridlevel ESSs. However, it remains debatable whether the global Li reserves, ≈14 million tons, can meet the increasing demand for such large-scale applications. [7][8][9] The price of lithium carbonate, which is a primary precursor for LIBs, has been continuously increasing since 2000, [10] and this trend is likely to accelerate once the EV and ESS markets take off. Moreover, Li is geographically limited to specific regions: ≈86% of the Li reserves are located in Bolivia, Chile, China, Argentina, and Australia; [9] therefore, geopolitical issues may arise. A more pressing issue for Li-ion markets is the use of Co in all high-energy-density systems. With more than 50% of all mined Co destined for use in Li-ion technology, and a substantial fraction of that coming from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Li-ion growth may be hampered by the availability of Co. [11] As a less expensive alternative to LIBs, Na-ion batteries (NIBs) have been extensively studied. [6,[12][13][14] The relatively high standard redox potential of Na/Na + leads to a lower working voltage and thereby lower energy density than Li-ion. In addition, hard carbon, which is associated with a high production cost and low material's density, must be used as an anode in NIBs, as graphite, which is the standard anode for LIBs, cannot store Na ions. [15][16][17] Recently, K-ion batteries (KIBs) have emerged as another possible energy storage system. [18][19][20] It is notable that the abundance of K resources in the Earth's crust and oceans is similar to that of Na (Figure 1a). [21,22] The cost of potassium carbonate The development of rechargeable batteries using K ions as charge carriers has recently attracted considerable attention in the search for cost-effective and large-scale energy storage systems. In light of this trend, various materials for positive and negative electrodes are proposed and evaluated for application in K-ion batteries. Here, a comprehensive review of ongoing materials research on nonaqueous K-ion batteries is offered. Information on the status of ...

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“…Tr otz der Grçße des solvatisierten Ions ist die Elektrodenreaktion hochreversibel und weist eine ausgezeichnete Kinetik auf.D arüber hinaus kann das Redoxpotential gezielt eingestellt werden, indem die Art des Etherlçsungsmittels variiert wird. [89] Da solvatisierte Ionen sehr groß sind, ist mçglicherweise auch eine Exfoliation des Graphitgitters zu erwarten. Allerdings wurde kürzlich postuliert, dass Va n-der-Waals-Wechselwirkungen zwischen den Graphenschichten und den kointerkalierten Lçsungsmittelmole-külen die Schichtstruktur stabilisieren.…”

Section: Graphit Und Andere Kohlenstoffeunclassified

Von Lithium‐ zu Natriumionenbatterien: Vorteile, Herausforderungen und Überraschendes

et al. 2017

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Die mobile und stationäre Energiespeicherung durch wiederaufladbare Batterien ist ein Thema von breiter gesellschaftlicher und ökonomischer Bedeutung. Die wichtigste Technologie in diesem Bereich ist die Lithiumionenbatterie (LIB), jedoch muss man davon ausgehen, dass ein massiv wachsender LIB‐Markt ernsten Druck auf Ressourcen und Lieferketten ausüben wird. Seit kurzem richtet sich die Aufmerksamkeit daher auch wieder auf die Natriumionenbatterie (SIB), die eine preisgünstige Alternative darstellen könnte, die weniger anfällig für Ressourcen‐ und Versorgungsrisiken ist. Auf dem Papier scheint der Austausch von Lithium durch Natrium in einer Batterie unkompliziert, jedoch erlebt man in der Praxis oft unvorhersehbare Überraschungen. Was geschieht, wenn in Elektrodenreaktionen Lithium durch Natrium ersetzt wird? Dieser Aufsatz bietet einen aktuellen Überblick über das Redoxverhalten von Materialien bei ihrer Verwendung als Elektroden in LIBs bzw. SIBs. Die Vorteile und Herausforderungen im Zusammenhang mit der Verwendung von Natrium anstelle von Lithium werden diskutiert.

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Sodium intercalation chemistry in graphite

Cited by 408 publications

References 36 publications

On the Reliability of Sodium Co-Intercalation in Expanded Graphite Prepared by Different Methods as Anodes for Sodium-Ion Batteries

On the Reliability of Sodium Co-Intercalation in Expanded Graphite Prepared by Different Methods as Anodes for Sodium-Ion Batteries

Recent Progress and Perspective in Electrode Materials for K‐Ion Batteries

Von Lithium‐ zu Natriumionenbatterien: Vorteile, Herausforderungen und Überraschendes

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