Sodium, Potassium and Calcium in Gingival Fluid: A Study of the Relationship of the Ions to One Another, to Circadian Rhythms, Gingival Bleeding, Purulence, and to Conservative Periodontal Therapy

Kaslick, Ralph S.; Chasens, Abram I.; Mandel, Irwin D.; Weinstein, David; Waldman, R. C.; Pluhar, Thomas; Lazzara, Richard

doi:10.1902/jop.1970.41.8.442

Cited by 19 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…To test the effects of potassium on plaque community gene expression, plaque was collected from a healthy human volunteer, exposed to saliva with or without added potassium, and subjected to metatranscriptomic analysis. We used K + concentrations akin to those found in gingival crevicular fluid in severe periodontitis [13,14]. After only 3 hours of incubation RNA was extracted for analysis.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Levels of K + in the GCF increase with severity of periodontal disease while levels of other ions such calcium remain stable [12]. In GCF from healthy patients, Kaslick et al reported mean values of K + of 10mM [13], while in severe periodontitis K + concentrations of more than 20mM have been reported [13,14]. Although the source of such levels of K + in GCF is not known it may come from host cells lysis, which could be sensed by the oral microbiome as a signal of tissue damage that in turn triggers up-regulation of genes involved in pathogenicity and induction of a local immune response, thus initiating a positive feedback loop in which lysis of host cells by microbial proteolytic activity or tissue immune responses lead to the release of more K + into the GCF.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Potassium is a key signal in host-microbiome dysbiosis in periodontitis

Yost¹,

Duran-Pinedo

Krishnan³

et al. 2017

PLoS Pathog

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Dysbiosis, or the imbalance in the structural and/or functional properties of the microbiome, is at the origin of important infectious inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and periodontal disease. Periodontitis is a polymicrobial inflammatory disease that affects a large proportion of the world's population and has been associated with a wide variety of systemic health conditions, such as diabetes, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Dysbiosis has been identified as a key element in the development of the disease. However, the precise mechanisms and environmental signals that lead to the initiation of dysbiosis in the human microbiome are largely unknown. In a series of previous in vivo studies using metatranscriptomic analysis of periodontitis and its progression we identified several functional signatures that were highly associated with the disease. Among them, potassium ion transport appeared to be key in the process of pathogenesis. To confirm its importance we performed a series of in vitro experiments, in which we demonstrated that potassium levels a increased the virulence of the oral community as a whole and at the same time altering the immune response of gingival epithelium, increasing the production of TNF-α and reducing the expression of IL-6 and the antimicrobial peptide human β-defensin 3 (hBD-3). These results indicate that levels of potassium in the periodontal pocket could be an important element in of dysbiosis in the oral microbiome. They are a starting point for the identification of key environmental signals that modify the behavior of the oral microbiome from a symbiotic community to a dysbiotic one.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potassium is a key signal in host-microbiome dysbiosis in periodontitis

Yost¹,

Duran-Pinedo

Krishnan³

et al. 2017

PLoS Pathog

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“…In the present study, sodium concentration in GCF significantly exceeded that in serum, which was similar to that reported in other studies done by Kaslick. [21324] The tendency for sodium to increase as inflammation increased was found to be statistically significant as the sodium levels in periodontitis patients (163.8 ± 3.6) were higher than in gingivitis patients (130.7 ± 5.7). This can be attributed to the presence of a large quantity of sodium in bone, from where only a small part (10–15%) of sodium enters into immediate exchange with that in the remainder of extracellular spaces.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is conceivable that with alveolar bone destruction, increased quantities of sodium may be made available to the extracellular compartment and to the gingival fluid. [24]…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…So, high sodium levels in fluid from group II may be due to a failure of active sodium reabsorption in the pocket epithelium in severe inflammation. [24] Many studies of Cimasoni and Kaslick[121324] report that the concentration of sodium tends to increase in cases of more severe inflammation. But the present finding did not coincide with that of Bang[8] who reported lower sodium levels in periodontitis than gingivitis cases.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis of inorganic ions in gingival crevicular fluid as indicators of periodontal disease activity: A clinico-biochemical study

Koregol

Nainegali

et al. 2011

Contemp Clin Dent

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Aim:Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) is regarded as a promising medium for detection of markers of periodontal disease activity. Very few investigators have examined concentration of electrolytes in GCF, but most results are not in agreement to one another. This study was undertaken with an objective of quantitative estimation of sodium, potassium and calcium concentrations of GCF in gingivitis and periodontitis, to find the reliability of these ions as diagnostic markers and to analyze the relation of these ions to one another. This will indicate stage of disease activity which helps in early diagnosis, prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases.Materials and Methods:The patients selected for the study included both sexes, aging from 18 to 55 years, divided into two groups: gingivitis (group I) and periodontitis (group II). Using volumetric microcapillary pipette, 5 μl GCF was collected for quantitative analysis of sodium, potassium and calcium using flame photometry.Results:The concentrations of sodium, potassium and calcium in GCF and their significant correlation with gingival index and pocket depth measurements reflect the clinical status of gingival and periodontal tissues.Conclusions:Estimation of these electrolytes may be used as potential diagnostic markers of active disease status in periodontal tissues and to predict the effective methods of prevention and treatment.

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