Sodium Solid Electrolytes: NaxAlOy Bilayer-System Based on Macroporous Bulk Material and Dense Thin-Film

Hoppe, Antonia; Dirksen, Cornelius; Skadell, Karl; Stelter, Michael; Schulz, Matthias; Carstens, Simon; Enke, Dirk; Koppka, Sharon

doi:10.3390/ma14040854

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…The melt of aluminium chloride and sodium chloride is prepared by mixing and heating. We assume, it is melted in an oven for 1h at 150 °C, resulting a thermal energy demand of 2.4 kWh per kg, according to Hoppe et al [46].…”

Section: Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Life Cycle Assessment of Sodium-Nickel-Chloride Batteries

Nikolić¹,

Schelte²,

Velenderic³

et al. 2023

Atlantis Highlights in Engineering

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Battery storage systems are a crucial factor for the decarbonization of energy systems, to balance the fluctuating energy generation of renewable energy sources. However, some battery types have disadvantages regarding their environmental impact, due to their material composition. Recently, sodium-nickelchloride (NaNiCl 2 ) batteries are considered for a wider range of application, especially for off-grid storage applications.NaNiCl 2 batteries offer several advantages: Due to the ceramic electrolyte the battery has no electrochemical self-discharge. The batteries have a high tolerance toward overcharging and deep discharging. The materials are not as expensive and rare as materials for alternative battery types. Manufacturers state that both discharge and charge operations are nearly independent of outside temperature. Furthermore, the batteries are expected to have a lifetime of more than 15 years or 4,500 charging cycles. However, when in stand-by, the battery still needs a stable temperature between 250 °C and 320 °C, to keep the electrodes in a molten state. This is leading to a certain self-discharge, limiting the feasible applications of the battery.Facing these benefits and downsides of NaNiCl 2 batteries, this paper aims to analyse their ecological impacts based on a Life Cycle Assessment using the example of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. It addresses the research question whether NaNiCl 2 batteries offer advantages compared to alternative battery types, such as lithium-ion and lead-acid. The assessment is based on the analysis of a Bill-of-Materials and implemented for the use-case of a solar mini grid in Tema, Ghana. It considers two scenarios each regarding end-of-life (EoL) and battery lifetime. Depending on the scenario, the GHG emissions of the NaNiCl 2 battery amount to 9.1 -22.7 g CO 2 eq per kWh discharged and consumed, compared to 31.3 g CO 2 eq for lithium-ion and 122.1 g CO 2 eq for lead-acid batteries. The GHG emissions of the whole mini grid are decreased by 32%, if NaNiCl 2 batteries are implemented, compared to a mini grid configuration based on a mix of NaNiCl 2 , lead-acid and lithium-ion batteries.

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Section: Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Life Cycle Assessment of Sodium-Nickel-Chloride Batteries

Nikolić¹,

Schelte²,

Velenderic³

et al. 2023

Atlantis Highlights in Engineering

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“…Another bilayer electrolyte was prepared by integrating sodium‐ions as well as poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) into a sol‐gel synthesis. The cross‐section of the bilayer showed three different areas: a dense layer with a thickness of around 50 μm to 100 μm, porous bulk material, and in between a sodium‐enriched layer with a thickness of around 300 μm [126] . However, neither carbon coating nor bilayers may be needed for an improved ASR cell .…”

Section: Negative Electrode Interface Modifications and Dendrite Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

From High‐ to Low‐Temperature: The Revival of Sodium‐Beta Alumina for Sodium Solid‐State Batteries

Fertig

Skadell

Schulz

et al. 2021

Batteries & Supercaps

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Sodium‐based batteries are promising post lithium‐ion technologies because sodium offers a specific capacity of 1166 mAh g−1 and a potential of −2.71 V vs. the standard hydrogen electrode. The solid electrolyte sodium‐beta alumina shows a unique combination of properties because it exhibits high ionic conductivity, as well as mechanical stability and chemical stability against sodium. Pairing a sodium negative electrode and sodium‐beta alumina with Na‐ion type positive electrodes, therefore, results in a promising solid‐state cell concept. This review highlights the opportunities and challenges of using sodium‐beta alumina in batteries operating from medium‐ to low‐temperatures (200 °C–20 °C). Firstly, the recent progress in sodium‐beta alumina fabrication and doping methods are summarized. We discuss strategies for modifying the interfaces between sodium‐beta alumina and both the positive and negative electrodes. Secondly, recent achievements in designing full cells with sodium‐beta alumina are summarized and compared. The review concludes with an outlook on future research directions. Overall, this review shows the promising prospects of using sodium‐beta alumina for the development of solid‐state batteries.

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Sodium Solid Electrolytes: NaxAlOy Bilayer-System Based on Macroporous Bulk Material and Dense Thin-Film

Cited by 2 publications

References 44 publications

Life Cycle Assessment of Sodium-Nickel-Chloride Batteries

Life Cycle Assessment of Sodium-Nickel-Chloride Batteries

From High‐ to Low‐Temperature: The Revival of Sodium‐Beta Alumina for Sodium Solid‐State Batteries

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