Sodium Starch Glycolate (SSG) from Sago Starch (Metroxylon sago) as a Superdisintegrant: Synthesis and Characterization

Abstract

The characteristics of sago starch exhibit remarkable resemblances to those of cassava, potato, and maize starches. This review intends to discuss and summarize the synthesis and characterization of sodium starch glycolate (SSG) from sago starch as a superdisintegrant from published journals using keywords in PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect databases by Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA 2020). There are many methods for synthesizing sodium starch glycolate (SSG). Other methods may include the aqueous, extrusion, organic solvent slurry, and dry methods. Sago starch is a novel form of high-yield starch with significant development potential. After cross-linking, the phosphorus content of sago starch increases by approximately 0.3 mg/g, corresponding to approximately one phosphate ester group per 500 anhydroglucose units. The degree of substitution (DS) of sodium starch glycolate (SSG) from sago ranges from 0.25 to 0.30; in drug formulations, sodium starch glycolate (SSG) from sago ranges from 2% to 8% w/w. Higher levels of sodium starch glycolate (SSG) (2% and 4% w/w) resulted in shorter disintegration times (within 1 min). Sago starch is more swellable and less enzymatically digestible than pea and corn starch. These investigations demonstrate that sago starch is a novel form of high-yield starch with tremendous potential for novel development as superdisintegrant tablets and capsules.

Impact of Polyvinylpyrrolidone-Vinyl Acetate Copolymer and Sodium Starch Glycolate Excipients on Phenolic Extraction from Red Clover: Enhancing Biological Activity and Antioxidant Potential

“…SSG, a commonly used super-disintegrant, accelerates the disintegration and dissolution of solid dosage forms, being FDA-approved for both prescription and over-the-counter medications [ 18 , 19 ]. SSG is produced through the chemical modification of starch, specifically carboxymethylation, for heightened hydrophilicity and cross-linking to decrease solubility [ 20 ].…”

“…Its swelling properties improve water penetration, aiding active ingredient dissolution. Optimization involves considerations such as particle size, degree of substitution, and concentration, while factors like pH, temperature, and compression force offer insights into disintegration and dissolution, with higher pH values and temperatures enhancing its effectiveness [19,21].Thus, reflux (high temperatures) and ultrasound aid in faster solvent dissipation. PVP/VAC is a commonly used excipient in the pharmaceutical industry.…”