“…Historically, women have played an important but relatively unrecognized role in opposing large-scale mining developments in rural Andean communities (Jenkins, 2014;Jenkins & Rondón, 2015), Asia and the Pacific (Horowitz, 2017;Nabulivou, 2006) and Australia (Ey, 2018;Ey et al, 2017), and in challenging the expansion of extractive industries (Jenkins, 2015). Although some studies have demonstrated women's direct involvement in mining activities (Hinton, Veiga, & Beinhoff, 2003;Jenkins, 2014), women-based groups are often at the forefront of anti-extractivist struggles (for example, the Mothers of Ituzaingó; see Leguizamón, 2019), having to combat sexism and marginalization within anti-mining movements and facing threats from within and outside their communities (Velasquez, 2012, cited in Jenkins, 2014.…”