This thesis would not have been possible without the many people who supported me throughout my PhD. Here I wish to express my gratitude:My upmost gratitude goes of course to Klas. When I met you in Zürich I was told you are a brilliant and critical scientist. Now I know you are also a wonderful supervisor. Thanks for caring about me as a person as well as about my PhD. I have extreme respect for you as a supervisor and scientist. I cannot put into big enough words how thankful I am for the tremendous amount of support and knowledge I got from you! I will miss our midnight emails about science. It was an honor to be your first PhD student.Magnus, and the rest of LOE management I would like to thank for making LOE a huge group that still acts like a small one.Besides Klas, I also had several additional (unofficial) mentors that contributed greatly to the success of my PhD.Nadia, my mentor in life. Thanks for ever pushing me to achieve my potential. My motivation for this thesis stemmed to a great deal from wanting to make you and Klas proud. Thanks for believing in me. And thanks for always being there for me. Even commenting on many drafts of this thesis.Marie, my mentor at LOE. Thanks for teaching me the first things I needed to know as a new PhD student, always challenging me to work harder while at the same time luring me with frisbee and beers. Also, thanks for commenting on this thesis and for providing the first instance of the beautiful nerve figure that I have been using ever since in various new versions (also all over in this thesis).Mary, my mentor in the Lab. Thanks for your positive attitude and endless energy to get things done. It was wonderful to work with you on the PigSel project and your comments on this thesis were well appreciated.Aline, my long-distance mentor in Zürich. Thanks for 3 years of bi-weekly support-group meetings of 'people suffering from Klas' gold nanowire fabrication'. You explained and solved a great deal of my problems before they ever could become any up here in the north.To Simon and Johan, my surgeon mentors at Linköping university hospital, my sincerest thanks for happily implanting all the in vivo devices of this thesis over the last 3 years and teaching me firsthand biology.x Riki and Yianni, thanks for being there with me right from the start. You were the reason the SoftEs were not just about electronics, and that my PhD was not just about becoming a doctor, but also about The Doctor. Yianni especially, thanks for being my partner in crime inside and outside the lab. Thanks for caring for the happiness of people with your endless chaotic energy that powered friday beers, movie productions and gifts alike.A big thanks also to the other SoftEs. Thanks for making our group feel like a small family. Nara, thanks for your kind spirit and comments on this thesis. Mohsen, thanks for commenting on the mechanical part of this thesis and taking over all the lab duties from me. Aiman, thanks for being the good soul of the Rubberlab by always being there to talk about science an...