Soft Sediment Deformation Structures Triggered by the Earthquakes: Response to the High Frequent Tectonic Events during the Main Tectonic Movements

He, Bizhu; Qiao, Xuejun; Li, Haibing; Dechen, Su

doi:10.5772/intechopen.72941

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…The potential energy can be released by several trigger mechanisms. Their existence causes the increase of stresses and lithostatic loading and, consequently, liquefaction and fluidization of sediments (He et al., 2018; Maltman & Bolton, 2003; Owen & Moretti, 2011; Youd, 1973; Zhong et al., 2022). The possible trigger mechanisms are among others wave action, storms, turbulent movements in water, tsunamis, tidal shear, rapid sedimentation, periglacial processes related to the thawing of permafrost, earthquakes and the fall of meteorites (e.g., Allen, 1982; Vandenberghe, 2013; Van Loon et al., 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sedimentary Records of Liquefaction: Implications From Field Studies

et al. 2023

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The susceptibility of grains in sediment to the liquefaction process causes the development of deformation structures. Some sediments undergo liquefaction, others do not. There is a group of sediments especially prone to liquefaction, which was proven during laboratory experiments. However, the field results are often slightly different from those obtained experimentally because of many unpredictable factors influencing the course of the liquefaction process. For this reason, we tested 144 samples of unconsolidated Quaternary‐age sediments, collected from eight study sites in Germany, Lithuania and Latvia, which have been liquefied. We also present some new dating results. These samples were divided into two groups of soft‐sediment deformation structures: concave up (e.g., injection structures) and concave down (e.g., load casts, pseudonodules). The granulometry of all deformation types was statistically evaluated, which allowed identifying textural differences between sediment contained in concave up and concave down structures. We suggest that the mobilization of silt fraction is responsible for the further deforming process. We also confirm that the maximum content of clay in sediment prone to liquefaction cannot exceed 14%, but only with a significant content of coarser fractions (silt and sand). Moreover, we identified two separate zones of the specific grain size in which only concave down structures or only concave up structures develop as an effect of liquefaction, and the third “transitional zone” where all forms occur. The “transitional zone” is separated from the concave up structures and concave down structures zones by two “gap zones” in which no liquefied sediments were observed.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sedimentary Records of Liquefaction: Implications From Field Studies

et al. 2023

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“…Incessant flow in rivers is affected, in one way or another by sedimentation (Nazir et al, 2016). Sedimentation which comprises non-artificial processes of erosion, sediment transport and deposition, has occurred throughout geologic time (He et al, 2018). Sediment is any particulate material that can be conveyed by water movement and which unavoidably, is dumped as a deposit of dense particles on the bed of a body of water.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimate of bed load transport and scour depth in Kwadna watershed in Minna, Niger State, Nigeria

Adesiji¹,

Gbadebo²,

Musa³

et al. 2019

Int. J. Water Res. Environ. Eng.

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Knowledge of sediment transport has been used to determine whether erosion or deposition will occur beneath the hydraulic structures, especially the magnitude of this erosion or deposition, and the time and distance over which it will occur. This paper, utilizes the stream gauging by wading method in estimating the bed load transport and scour depth in Kwadna Basin. The estimate of bed load transport enhances the understanding and design of the hydraulic structures overlying water bodies. The current meter was used in measuring stream flow velocity in three critical points along the Kwanda stream. The measurement was used to derive an equation for depth of scour and the rate of erosion after a period of time. Laboratory tests such as sieve analysis and specific gravity were carried out on the samples obtained from the field which showed that the sediment is poorly graded gravelly sand material. The results of the laboratory tests as well as the stream flow parameters of the stream were used to compute the expected volumetric total sediment load transported daily as 889.33 m 3 /day with annual value of 338347.158 m 3 /year. Kwadna stream bed material had a geometric mean particle size, D 50 , of 0.993 mm and consequently, the river transported bed material of larger diameter which explains why there are more deposits of sediments in the basin. The depth of scour for points 1, 2 and 3 after 365 days of high peak rainfall were estimated to be 1.0238, 1.7753 and 1.7019 m, respectively. The findings of this work will help in selecting suitable cross sections for the river structures having observed problems arising from sediment transport and deposition so as to reduce the sediments negative impacts on such structures.

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