Soft, Sweat‐Powered Health Status Sensing and Visualization System Enabled by Laser‐Fabrication

Abstract

Thin and flexible skin electronics have attracted great attention for their applications in monitoring human health status continuously and intelligently. However, the versatility of these electronics is impeded by the performance of power supply and sensor modules, and their portability is also restricted by the need for external devices to handle data processing and analysis. Here, this work presents a wearable electronics system with health status sensing and visualization system (HSSVS), where the power is supplied by sweat‐activated batteries (SABs). The reported system enables the detection of crucial human physiological information, such as the Na+ concentration and the pH level in sweat, as well as skin temperature. The electrodes of the sensors and the batteries are fabricated by the laser ablation method. The laser‐induced polyimide (PI)/gelatin‐based graphene (LIGA) based sensors show a wide linear range for the sensing markers with high sensitivity, and high selectivity. The SABs based on laser‐induced PI/gelatin based graphene anchored with manganese dioxide (LIGA@MnO2) can support the entire sensing and visualization system with ultrathin, excellent biocompatibility, and mechanical properties. Additionally, incorporating a visualization design such as color changes in LEDs enables users to easily identify variations in health status. This integrated system demonstrates promising potential in smart sensing devices for health management.

Recent advances of sweat sampling, sensing, energy-harvesting and data-display toward flexible sweat electronics

“…Additionally, in order to enhance the performance of SABs, sufficient sweat is crucial. 9F] [149] . Table 5 summarizes the recent developments of SABs [69,[146][147][148][149][150][151][152] .…”

“…9F] [149] . Table 5 summarizes the recent developments of SABs [69,[146][147][148][149][150][151][152] . These advancements showcase the impressive power capabilities achieved by SABs, thereby expanding the horizons for integrating power sources and sweat sensors into a unified system.…”

“…values under physiological status and locations of sweat sampling of different individuals, which have also been previously studied [69,149,150] . Recently, in order to improve the power performance and stability of sweatbased energy harvesters during operation, a series of research and developments have been proposed, for example, integrating the BFC with energy management components, integrating BFC with biomechanical energy harvesting systems, and so on [156][157][158] .…”

“…Figures 3A, 3C, 3D, 4A, 4E, 5B, 5D, 6B, 6F, 7A, 7C, 7E, 7F, 8E, 9E, 9F, 12A and 12B are cited from the researches in refs [16,47,49,52,54,55,[60][61][62]69,76,104,108,111,139,149] respectively. The citations include images that depict specific body parts of the participants in the experiment, aiming to present the research results and experimental methods in a more intuitive manner.…”