Soft tissue profile changes from 5 to 45 years of age

Bishara, Samir E.; Jakobsen, Jane R.; Hession, Timothy J.; Treder, Jean E.

doi:10.1016/s0889-5406(98)70203-3

Cited by 158 publications

(159 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The overall pattern of changes was similar to those seen in previous studies. [31][32][33][34][35][36][37] Soft tissue variables showed three distinct patterns of change. Some traits increased in size with growth, such as nasal projection, lower face height, chin projection, chin-throat length, upper and lower lip thickness, upper lip length, and lower lip-chin length.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Longitudinal study of cephalometric soft tissue profile traits between the ages of 6 and 18 years

Bergman

Waschak²,

Borzabadi‐Farahani

et al. 2013

The Angle Orthodontist

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Objective: To study the longitudinal changes in 19 soft tissue cephalometric traits (according to the Bergman cephalometric soft tissue facial analysis). Materials and Methods: Cephalograms and photographs of 40 subjects (20 male, 20 female, from the Burlington Growth Centre) that were obtained at ages 6, 9, 12, 14, 16, and 18 years were used. Subjects were orthodontically untreated whites and had Class I dentoskeletal relationships (ideal overjet and overbite). Images were obtained with the lips in a relaxed position or lightly touching. Results: Three groups of soft tissue traits were identified: (1) traits that increased in size with growth (nasal projection, lower face height, chin projection, chin-throat length, upper and lower lip thickness, upper lip length, and lower lip-chin length); (2) traits that decreased in size with growth (interlabial gap and mandibular sulcus contour [only in females]); and (3) traits that remained relatively constant during growth (facial profile angle, nasolabial angle, lower face percentage, chin-throat/lower face height percentage, lower face-throat angle, upper incisor exposure, maxillary sulcus contour, and upper and lower lip protrusion). Conclusion: Current findings identify areas of growth and change in individuals with Class I skeletal and dental relationships with ideal overjet and overbite and should be considered during treatment planning of orthodontic and orthognathic patients. (Angle Orthod. 2014;84:48-55.)

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Longitudinal study of cephalometric soft tissue profile traits between the ages of 6 and 18 years

Bergman

Waschak²,

Borzabadi‐Farahani

et al. 2013

The Angle Orthodontist

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“…Concordant findings of early soft tissue changes in females compared to males have been reported by Bishara and Jakobsen. 15 Geld et al 4 noted an increase in lip elevation by 1.4 mm with age in the male population. Desai et al 3 had reported a similar but nonsignificant change in the upper lip elevation (decrease by 0.34 mm) with age.…”

Section: Age-related Changes In Smile Dynamicsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Perioral age-related changes in smile dynamics along the vertical plane

Singh

Ahluwalia

Verma

et al. 2012

The Angle Orthodontist

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Objective: To evaluate the changes in characteristics of perioral musculature at rest and when smiling, with respect to age and gender, measured along the vertical plane in a randomly selected sample of a North Indian population. Materials and Methods: Perioral musculature of 195 subjects (divided into three age groups) was recorded using standardized videographic methods. Two frames of each subject-at rest and widest posed smile-were analyzed for a comprehensive list of parameters. Data was evaluated using SPSS version 16 software. Two-way analysis of variance and post hoc least significant difference tests were conducted. Results: Significant observations were increased resting upper lip length for females; decreased upper lip thickness, maxillary incisor exposure, and lip elevation for males; and increased smiling upper lip length for both sexes. Conclusions: With age, the smile gets narrower vertically, especially for the male population. The pattern of change observed in the present study must be considered and incorporated during treatment planning to deliver healthier and long-lasting results to patients of all age groups. (Angle Orthod. 2013;83:468-475.)

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“…While nasolabial lines begin to form in the 20's to 30's, the folds increase in depth in the 40's to 50's and continue to deepen into the 60's and beyond . There is evidence that the nose moves forward and downward with advancing age (Bishara et al, 1998;Sarnas & Solow, 1980;West & McNamara, 1999). Beyond the changes in the midface, in the cheeks and nose, and the upper face, eyebrows and eyelids, mentioned above, there are age-related changes in the lower face that may potentially significantly alter an individual's appearance after a number of years, mainly tied to the perioral region, the area around the mouth.…”

Section: Soft Tissue Age Changes: Middle Third Of the Facementioning

confidence: 99%